Objective: To examine the epidemiological association between sudden deterioration leading to death and Tamiflu use. Design: Proportional mortality study. Setting: Japan. Participants: 162 deaths without deterioration before the first consultation among all 198 deaths of mostly confirmed 2009A/H1N1 influenza. Population at risk: Age-specific population of influenza patients prescribed Tamiflu and Relenza. Main outcome measure: Age-stratified pooled odds ratio (OR) for early (within 12 hours) deterioration and overall death of Tamiflu prescribed to Relenza prescribed patients. Results: Of 119 deaths after Tamiflu was prescribed, 38 deteriorated within 12 hours (28 within 6 hours), while of 15 deaths after Relenza, none deteriorated within 12 hours. Pooled OR for early deterioration and overall death were 5.88 (95% CI: 1.30 to 26.6, p = 0.014) and 1.91 (p = 0.031) respectively. Baseline characteristics including risk factors did not contribute to early deterioration after Tamiflu use. Conclusions: These data suggest Tamiflu use could induce sudden deterioration leading to death especially within 12 hours of prescription. These findings are consistent with sudden deaths observed in a series of animal toxicity studies, several reported case series and the results of prospective cohort studies. From "the precautionary principle" the potential harm of Tamiflu should be taken into account and further detailed studies should be conducted.
Objectives Excess salt intake is a major risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Modifying workplace environments has been recognized to be important for reducing salt intake. However, studies examining the effects of improving the workplace environment regarding salt reduction are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of workplace dietary intervention on employees' salt intake and sodium‐to‐potassium (Na/K) ratio. Methods A quasi‐experimental study was conducted. Two small business establishments in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, were allocated as the intervention (n = 69) and comparison (n = 68) workplaces, respectively. The 1‐year intervention involving healthy lunch and nutrition education was implemented in the intervention workplace. Spot urine samples, physical assessments, and self‐administered questionnaire data were collected at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year after the start of the intervention. Analysis of covariance was conducted to investigate differences in the salt intake or Na/K ratio between the study workplaces at year 1. Educational status and rotating work schedules were included as covariates. Results Salt intake in the intervention workplace decreased significantly from 10.7 to 9.3 g (−1.4 g change; 95% confidence interval [CI]: “−2.4, −0.5”). The adjusted difference in changes in salt intake between workplaces was statistically significant (−3.7 g change; 95% CI: “−5.2, −2.3”). Although no significant change was observed in the Na/K ratio in the intervention workplace (3.37–3.08; −0.29 change; 95% CI: “−0.59, 0.01”), the adjusted difference in changes between the workplaces was statistically significant (−0.60 change; 95% CI: “−1.03, −0.17”). Conclusions Providing healthy lunch and nutrition education may be effective approaches to reduce employees' salt intake and Na/K ratio.
Indole‐3‐acetic acid and 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid, the precursor of ethylene, stimulated elongation of coleoptiles of seedlings of intact rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Sasanishiki) submerged in buffer solution with constant air‐bubbling. The osmotic pressure of the cell sap decreased during elongation of coleoptiles. In the presence of 30 μM aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, in‐dole‐3‐acetic acid at 30 μM accelerated the decrease in the osmotic pressure in the early stage of growth. 1‐Aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid at 30 μM did not influence the decrease in the osmotic pressure. Both indole‐3‐acetic acid and 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxyIic acid decreased the minimum stress‐relaxation time and the relaxation rate of the cell wall, suggesting that both auxin and ethylene induce elongation of rice coleoptiles by stimulating cell wall loosening. These growth regulators caused an increase in the level of glucose in hemicelluloses in the early stage of growth and a decrease in the level in the subsequent last growth phase. Indole‐3‐acetic acid decreased the hydroxyproline and glucosamine levels per unit dry weight of the cell wall. These changes in the level of cell wall components may be associated with the changes in the mechanical properties of the cell walls caused by auxin and ethylene.
H. 1990. Changes in osmotic pressure and cell wall properties during auxin-and ethylene-induced growth of intact coleoptiles of rice. -Physiol. Plant. 78: 277-284.Indole-3-acetic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid, the precursor of ethylene, stimulated elongation of coleoptiles of seedlings of intact rice {Oryza sativa L. cv. Sasanishiki) submerged in buffer solution with constant air-bubbling. The osmotic pressure of the cell sap decreased during elongation of coleoptiles. In the presence of 30 \iM aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, indole-3-acetic acid at 30 \iM accelerated the decrease in the osmotic pressure in the early stage of growth. 1-Aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid at 30 |iAf did not influence the decrease in the osmotic pressure. Both indole-3-acetie acid and 1-aminoeyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid decreased the minimum stress-relaxation time and the relaxation rate of the cell wall, suggesting that both auxin and ethylene induce elongation of rice coleoptiles by stimulating cell wall loosening. These growth regulators caused an increase in the level of glucose in hemicelluloses in the early stage of growth and a decrease in the level in the subsequent fast growth phase. Indole-3-acetic acid decreased the hydroxyproline and glucosamine levels per unit dry weight of the cell wall. These changes in the level of cell wall components may be associated with the changes in the mechanical properties of the cell walls caused by auxin and ethylene.
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