Using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), this study assessed the inhibitory effect of three different types of restorations on root-caries formation under a cariogenic challenge. Bovine-root dentin blocks with a cylindrical cavity were divided into three restoration groups: a fluoride-free self-etch adhesive and a resin composite (SE-ES); a self-etch adhesive and a resin composite with multi-ion release (FL-BF); and a glass ionomer cement (Fuji-VII). After the restorative procedures, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 1 d, then subjected to a demineralization solution for 4 d and a remineralization solution for 28 d. Mineral density and mean mineral loss of dentin around the restorations were measured using micro-CT. The mean mineral loss values of dentin around the restorations were highest among SE-ES restorations and lowest among Fuji-VII restorations. Fuji-VII showed the highest mineral density and the lowest mineral loss after 28 d of remineralization. The observations made by scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that Fuji-VII created the smallest outer lesion followed by FL-BF and SE-ES. Fuji-VII has a larger inhibitory effect on root caries around the restorations and enhances remineralization more effectively than either FL-BF or SE-ES. Multi-ion and fluoride release from the restorative materials may be beneficial for inhibition of root-dentin caries around the restorations.
This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of experimental pastes containing surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) fillers on enamel demineralization. Bovine blocks were treated twice a day for 4 days by 7 groups; experimental pastes containing 0-30 wt% S-PRG filler (S00, S01, S05, S10, and S30), deionized water (DW) as negative control, and NaF paste (MP) as positive control. The surfaces were demineralized by acetic acid for 3 days. Mineral loss (ML) was calculated by micro-computed X-ray tomography. The treated surface was finally investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and micro-focused particle induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE). S05, S10 and S30 demonstrated significantly lower ML than S00, S01 and DW (p<0.05). S10 showed the greatest inhibitory effect, which was significantly greater than MP. The S-PRG filler containing experimental pastes demonstrated a potential to inhibit enamel demineralization. Sr ion incorporation was confirmed on the enamel surface with the experimental pastes.
Background This study aimed to compare the efficacies of experimental toothpastes containing functionalized tricalcium phosphate (fTCP) with and without fluoride for in vitro enamel remineralization under pH-cycling conditions. Methods To create artificial white spot lesions, 36 bovine enamel specimens were immersed in a demineralization solution for 10 days. During pH-cycling for 12 days, the specimens were divided into four groups based on the experimental toothpaste type used: (a) fTCP-free, fluoride-free (fTCP − F −); (b) fTCP-containing, fluoride-free (fTCP + F −); (c) fTCP-free, fluoride-containing (fTCP − F +); and (d) fTCP-containing, fluoride-containing (fTCP + F +). Micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (μCT) scans of all specimens were obtained before demineralization, after demineralization, and after pH-cycling. The mineral density and mineral loss (ΔZ) in the enamel subsurface lesions were measured and the percentage of remineralization (%R) was calculated from ΔZ after demineralization and pH-cycling. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test was used for statistical analysis of the %R values. The treated enamel surface was investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results The fTCP − F − group presented with the lowest amount of mineral gain after pH-cycling. In contrast, the fTCP + F + group showed the highest degree of remineralization within all lesion parts. The %R was highest in the fTCP + F + group (38.2 ± 7.8, all P < 0.01). SEM revealed the presence of small crystals on the enamel rods in the fTCP + F − and fTCP + F + groups. Conclusions The experimental toothpaste containing fTCP and fluoride increased remineralization of the artificial enamel subsurface lesions during pH-cycling. Furthermore, fTCP and fluoride appear to act independently on the remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions, although they coexisted in one toothpaste type. Trial registration: This is not a human subject research.
This study was performed to evaluate the comparative radiopacity of adhesive/resin composite materials in cylindrical cavities using micro-computed X-ray tomography (μCT). The two-step self-etch adhesive systems, Clearfil SE Bond (SE) and FL-Bond II (FL), and flowable resin composites, Beautifil Flow F10 (BF) and Clearfil Majesty ES Flow High (MJ), were used. The radiopacity of bovine tooth structures and restorative materials was measured by μCT. In addition, cylindrical cavities prepared in bovine teeth were restored with the following adhesive/composite combinations: SE-BF, SE-MJ, FL-BF, and FL-MJ. The mean gray values of the composite restorations were calculated. The threshold values of the μCT images were evaluated using the Otsu's thresholding method. The current results show that the comparative radiopacity of the materials and tooth structure varied, which affected distinguishing the μCT images of the composite restorations in the cylindrical cavity. The proper combination of restorative materials should be considered when conducting in vitro μCT assessments of composite restorations.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of casein in a remineralization solution on enamel remineralization. Bovine blocks were demineralized for 21 days, then, allocated into four groups. The specimens were remineralized for 21 days in the following artificial saliva solutions: 1) 0 µg/mL casein, 0 ppm fluoride (F) (C0-F0); 2) 0 µg/mL casein, 1 ppm F (C0-F1); 3) 10 µg/mL casein, 0 ppm F (C10-F0); and 4) 10 µg/mL casein, 1 ppm F (C10-F1). Micro-CT analyses were performed once a week. Specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The present results suggest that casein by itself inhibits remineralization, whereas the coexistence of casein and F promotes the remineralization of caries bodies by interrupting mineral deposition on the enamel surface.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of bovine milk osteopontin (OPN) on enamel remineralization as a topical application prior to immersion in remineralizing solutions with/without fluoride. Bovine enamel blocks were demineralized then were divided into the following 3 groups: OPN (2.7 and 5.4 µM) solutions and deionized water (control). Each group was divided into 2 groups (remineralizing solution with or without 1 ppm of fluoride (F)). The specimens were analyzed by micro-CT and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The percentage of remineralization was higher in remineralization solution with than without F (p<0.05). The present results suggest that bovine milk OPN inhibits remineralization in solution without F, but 5.4 µM bovine milk OPN does not inhibit remineralization of the demineralized body using solution containing F by interrupting mineral deposition on the enamel surface.
This study compared the effect of experimental polymer-based desensitizers with NaF and oxalic acid (OA) for preventing root demineralization via observation using micro-CT. Bovine root dentin surfaces were treated with coating materials: no treatment; MS0(+) (MS Coat One ® ); MS3000(+) (MS Coat ® ); MS0(−); MS3000(−); MS7000(+/−); fluoride gel (NaF9000). MS; MS polymer, 0-7000; NaF concentrations, (+/−); OA. The specimens were scanned using micro-CT before and after demineralization (pH4.5, 10 h). Following this, the mean mineral loss (ML) after demineralization was calculated, and the specimens were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The ML values of MS3000(+), MS7000(−), MS7000(+) and NaF9000 were significantly lower than the other groups (p<0.05). Under an SEM, a membrane structure was observed to have formed on the dentin surface in the presence of the MS, fluoride, and OA. The experimental polymer-based desensitizer with oxalic acid and a high concentration of fluoride is effective for preventing root demineralization.
Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of bovine milk osteopontin (OPN) on enamel remineralization as a topical application. Materials and methods After bovine enamel blocks were immersed in demineralizing solution, they were divided into the following 3 groups: OPN (2.7 and 5.4 µM) solutions and deionized water (negative control), which were applied to the enamel surface of each specimen at 37˚C for 30 min. Each group was divided into 2 groups and immersed in remineralizing solution with or without 1 ppm of fluoride (F). After demineralization and remineralization, specimens were scanned by micro-computed tomography to evaluate mineral density and calculate mineral loss. At 14 days, surface and cross-sectional images were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results Remineralization was confirmed in all groups. The percentage of remineralization was higher in remineralization solution with than without F (p<0.05). OPN groups in remineralizing solution without F showed a lower percentage of remineralization at 14 days. In the presence of F, the percentage of remineralization was similar in the 5.4 µM OPN group and control group and significantly lower in the 2.7 µM OPN group (p<0.05). SEM images showed the accumulation of crystal-like deposits on the enamel surface in the OPN groups, and needle-like structural precipitations were observed in the OPN with F groups. Furthermore, stable structures were detected at the subsurface region. Conclusions These results suggest that bovine milk OPN inhibits remineralization in solution without F, but 5.4 µM bovine milk OPN does not inhibit remineralization using solution containing F.Clinical relevance Application of 5.4µM bovine milk OPN prior to immersion in solution with F would be a potential for the management of dental caries in the future, from a viewpoint of both bacteria and remineralization.
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