2018. Selecting methods for ecosystem service assessment: a decision tree approach.Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Highlights Guidance is needed for selecting ecosystem service assessment methods  Stakeholder participation was the key reason for selecting many methods  The decision context and ecosystem services at stake were also important reasons  Decision trees can help structure and rationalise the selection of ecosystem service assessment methods  Linking decision trees with other forms of guidance addresses a broader range of user needs

Abstract. 1. Plant resistance against herbivores can act directly (e.g. by producing toxins) and indirectly (e.g. by attracting natural enemies of herbivores). If plant secondary metabolites that cause direct resistance against herbivores, such as glucosinolates, negatively influence natural enemies, this may result in a conflict between direct and indirect plant resistance.2. Our objectives were (i) to test herbivore-mediated effects of glucosinolates on the performance of two generalist predators, the marmalade hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus) and the common green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) and (ii) to test whether intraspecific plant variation affects predator performance.3. Predators were fed either Brevicoryne brassicae, a glucosinolate-sequestering specialist aphid that contains aphid-specific myrosinases, or Myzus persicae, a nonsequestering generalist aphid that excretes glucosinolates in the honeydew, reared on four different white cabbage cultivars. Predator performance and glucosinolate concentrations and profiles in B. brassicae and host-plant phloem were measured, a novel approach as previous studies often measured glucosinolate concentrations only in total leaf material.4. Interestingly, the specialist aphid B. brassicae selectively sequestered glucosinolates from its host plant. The performance of predators fed this aphid species was lower than when fed M. persicae. When fed B. brassicae reared on different cultivars, differences in predator performance matched differences in glucosinolate profiles among the aphids.5. We show that not only the prey species, but also the plant cultivar can have an effect on the performance of predators. Our results suggest that in the tritrophic system tested, there might be a conflict between direct and indirect plant resistance.

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Green roofs can contribute to climate adaptation and a sustainable urban environment. Whether municipalities for these or other reasons should encourage green roofs, depends on the goals that are aimed at. For the municipality of Tilburg opportunities were investigated for usage of green roofs as measure for climate adaptation and for scaling up green roof in Tilburg and other municipalities. In three projects in Tilburg the opportunities for the application of green roofs and the attitude of actors involved were investigated. Also, the experiences of six other municipalities, which are promoting green roofs, were examined. The type of project, purpose, and insight in costs and benefits affect the attitude of actors and hence the opportunities for application and scaling. In the examined municipalities green roofs in general are stimulated with subsidy, communication and pilot projects.The experience with green roofs in other municipalities are predominantly positive.

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