Although ozone disinfection is a well established technology for drinking water treatment, ozone disinfection mechanisms in wastewater are not well understood such that, historically, ozone wastewater disinfection has not been a feasible technology to implement. The HiPOx system is an ozone-based pressurized in-vessel system that can be used either as an advanced oxidation reactor or as a highly efficient ozone dissolution system. The pilot-scale HiPOx system was temporarily installed at the Dublin San Ramon Services District (DSRSD) Wastewater Treatment Plant in Dublin, California. Detailed bioassay testing was conducted on the pilot reactor between October and December 2007. Tests on benchtop reactors were performed in June and August 2007. Pilot tests on the HiPOx reactor located at DSRSD showed that 6.5 log removal of MS2 coliphage was observed at conservative transferred ozone doses of 5 mg/L (contact time of 93 seconds) in microfiltered water, and 7 mg/L (contact time of 50 seconds) in media filtered water. In media filtered water, minimum CT values of 1.0 mg-min/L resulted in non detect total coliform.
Water quality, in combination with design and operational data collected from multiple studies, was assessed to benchmark the performance of ozone‐biologically active filtration in reuse applications. A total of 149 contaminants of emerging concern, representative of multiple categories and chemical structures, were prioritized and systematically compared to elucidate apparent differences in removal capabilities as affected by multiple factors such as influent water matrix, ozone‐to‐organic carbon ratio, empty bed contact time, filtration media type, and initial media condition. The results were consistent with earlier findings for the removal of highly amenable compounds but demonstrate inconsistencies and knowledge gaps across multiple facilities for the more persistent compounds. Analysis of this multistudy data‐mining effort also demonstrates a complicated interplay between contaminant removal and numerous design and operational variables. Hence, further systematic investigation is warranted to elucidate the underlying removal mechanisms.
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