Article Info Drought is a recurrent feature of the climate, varying in intensity, duration, and frequency across the climatic spectrum. A drought can have substantial economic, environmental, and social impacts. Drought is a weather-related natural disaster. It affects vast regions for months or years. It has an impact on food production and it reduces life expectancy and the economic performance of large regions or entire countries. Conventional plant breeding attempts have changed over to use physiological selection criteria since they are time consuming and rely on present genetic variability. Tolerance to abiotic stresses is very complex, due to the intricate of interactions between stress factors and various molecular, biochemical and physiological phenomena affecting plant growth and development. High yield potential under drought stress is the target of crop breeding. In many cases, high yield potential can contribute to yield in moderate stress environment.
The present research was carried out to determine and record genetic distance and variation among cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) genotypes for yield traits in Kamashi district of benishangul-gumuz regional state for fourteen upland cotton genotypes. The genotypes were evaluated for ten traits in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on days of 50% flowering, days to 65%boll opening, plant height, Number of monopodial branches per plant, Number of sympodial branches per plant, Boll number per plant, Boll weight Seed cotton yield per hectare, Lint yield and Ginning out tern. The data were subjected to analysis of variance. Genotypes were varied significantly for most of the traits studied and there were wide range variation on mean values for most of the traits which indicated the presence of variability among the tested genotypes.
Article Info Cotton plants have an indeterminate growth habit, meaning the plant can develop leaves, stems, flowers, fruit (bolls) and seed all at the same time. The branches on the cotton plant can be classified as either vegetative or fruiting branches. Vegetative branches have only one meristem and so grow long and straight, whereas fruiting branches have multiple meristems, each starting after the previous fruiting bud and as such exhibit a zigzag growth habit. The first five main stem nodes support primarily vegetative growth and fruiting branches commence thereafter, with branches showing a ⅜ alternate phyllotaxy.
Castor belongs to the genus Ricinus, a member of the Euphorbiaceae, which contains a vast number of plants mostly native to the tropics. The genus Ricinus is considered to be monotypic and R. communis is the only species, which includes many polymorphic types. The cultivated types are dwarf annuals. Castor plants have well developed root system with thick horizontal roots. Tap root looks like extension of the stem below the soil. The stem is erect, circular in section, partially hollow, glabrous, and smooth with good branching. Stem is either red or green or with shades of both. The stem is marked by well-defined nodes from each of which a leaf is arises. The lower internodes are shorter and their length increases with height. Leaves are alternate, large, and palmate with 5-11 lobes acuminate margins notched, serrate or indented. They are carried on long stout petioles. The inflorescence is borne terminally on the main and lateral branches. Flowers are large, in terminal sub panicled racemes, monoecious, apetalous, the upper portion of the raceme being occupied by the female flowers and the lower by male flowers the whole inflorescence may reach a length of 90 cm. The flowers are wind and insect pollinated and from 5 to 46 % natural pollination occurred. The fruit is round glucose capsules with three projecting sides covered with tough spines or smooth, 3 loculed and three seeded. Seeds are albuminous, anatropous, broad, oval, compressed with a marked caruncle and longitudinal raphe. The testa is thin, brittle, varying in color and mottling. Below the testa are thin legmen, covering a whitish oily endosperm containing the embryo.
Castor bean is an important nonedible oilseed crop that has many industrial uses. Genetic diversity in a germplasm is the fundamental requirement for crop improvement programs. There are several genetic markers available for assessment of genetic diversity among the genotypes and accessions. Though castor bean is a monotypic, it exhibits wide phenotypic diversity. In castor bean, genetic markers such as agro-morphological characters, biochemical and cytological markers were widely used in characterization of genetic variation in the germplasm from India, Nigeria, Turkey, China, Brazil, Iran, and Ethiopia which indicated a low-to-high-level diversity in the castor bean germplasm depending on the markers and the genotypes studied.
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