One assumes the validity of the modified Clausius-Clapeyroii equation in which A x is the mean heat of vaporization between the teniperatures TI and Tz. At the high temperatures concerned, this equation should be fairly accurate.At the normal boiling point of PbO, the heat of vaporization is 51 kcal. per sole.il(no If the value 70 mm. at llOO°C., as re-ported by Preston and Turner, is substituted into the equation, the impossible value of 29 kcal. is obtained for A H . However, if a value of 10 mm. is assumed as the vapor pressure of PbO a t 1100"C., one arrives a t a reasonable value of 55 kcal. per mole for A H between 1472'' and llOO°C. Utilizing this value, it is possible to calculate the approximate vapor pressure of liquid PbO at other temperatures assuming a linear dependence of with the temperature. The calculated pressure of 0.2 mm. a t 900°C. has been shown to cr~rrcspond quite well with observations. The sublimation of chromic oxide, Crz03, has been observed in vacuum by the Langmuir technique using induction and solar heating. Extensive sublimation did not yield any new phases on the basis of X-ray powder studies, and condensates of CrZ03 were always obtained. Flash vaporization and flow experiments in CO or O2 atmospheres and in vacuum indicated no appreciable differences in rates of sublimation. Weight-loss experiments showed that the rate of sublimation was slightly higher than predicted for decomposition to the elements and suggested that small amounts of complex molecules, e.g. CrO and CrO,, were also present in the equilibrium vapor.
The complete mixing of two or more different fluids in the microscopic scale within a reasonable time period plays an important role in the Micro-Total-Analysis-System (µTAS). The objective of this study is to propose a new design of a passive micromixer by using flowfield simulations through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques. The primary idea of designing the micromixer is to add feedback side-channels on both sides of the main channel. Through the feedback side-channels, the fluids are guided to flow back into the main channel and to push the main stream and, therefore, the mixing effect will be produced and enhanced. By simulating the flow field in the micromixer, the important design parameters and the operational conditions, such as the channel geometry, the position of side-channel, and the inlet velocity, can be examined.
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