Citrus is the important fruit crop in the world. It occupies an important place in the wealth and economy of India as third largest fruit industry after mango and banana. Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is a damaging disease of acid lime. It is identified as a major threat in the region affecting leaves, twigs, petioles, branches, fruit stalk and fruits that causes considerable damage both quantitatively and qualitatively. Canker infected sample of acid lime leaves were collected from different agroclimatic regions of Vidarbha. The bacterium were isolated, identified and purified cultures were maintained on NA slants. The virulence test of causal organism was confirmed along with symptoms in pot culture experiment using syringe method. Pathogenic ability of different isolates was confirmed and observed that isolate Xac-2 was comparatively highly virulent to initiate water soaked lesion and fully developed symptoms within 15 to19 days. Efficacy of different combination of chemicals, botanicals and bio-agents against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri was assessed. Among the alcoholic and aqueous plant leaf extracts neem (Azardiricta indica) at all concentrations found most effective in alcoholic extracts by developing 13.45 mm, 11.70 mm, 10.12 mm and 8.2 mm of inhibition zone at 20% 15%, 10% and 5% respectively. Among fruits extracts, alcoholic extract of Kokam (Garcinia indica) gives highest inhibition zones 17 mm, 15.0 mm, 6.9 mm and 0 mm at 20% 15%, 10% and 5% concentrations and found to be most effective. Among flower extracts, alcoholic extract of lakh (Lathyrus odoratus) showed highest inhibition zones 13.14 mm, 9.23 mm, 8.00 mm and 6.23 mm at 20% 15%, 10% and 5% concentrations. Among the extracts of different vegetative parts of plants alcoholic extract of garlic (Allium sativum) produced highest inhibition zones 16.20 mm, 13.40 mm, 7.23 mm and 0.00 mm at 20% 15%, 10% and 5% concentrations.
Citrus is one of the important tropical and subtropical fruits in the world as well as in India which belongs to the family Rutaceae and sub-family Aurantioedae. Among all factors responsible for decline in citrus production, citrus canker is one of the most serious problem which is caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri was successfully isolated on the nutrient agar medium, from the fresh lesions on the leaves of naturally canker infected acid lime leaves collected from different agroclimatic zones of Maharashtra. The fourteen isolates were designated from Xcc-1 to Xcc-14 representing the agroclimatic zone. The studies on physiological characteristics of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Showed the maximum growth of pathogen observe at temperature 30 0 C and at pH level 7. All isolates of bacteria were found negative test for gram's staining while positive for starch hydrolysis, potassium hydroxide test, catalase test, hydrogen sulphide production, gelatin liquefaction, acid and gas, indole production and nitrate reduction. The genetic variability was studied by using five ISSR and RAPD primers. Among ISSR primers Isolate Xcc-11 (Nagpur) had higher value of similarity coefficient (0.85) with Xcc-10 (Wardha), whereas Xcc-12 (Gadchiroli), had lower value of similarity coefficient (0.42) with Xcc-1 (Sindhudurg). The result of RAPD primers reveal that Isolate Xcc-11 (Nagpur) had higher value of similarity coefficient (0.81) with Xcc-10 (Wardha), whereas Xcc-2 (Dapoli), had lower value of similarity coefficient (0.41) with Xcc-13 (Gondia).
Oyster mushroom were cultivated in controlled environment using different agricultural and forest waste. Experiment were conducted using six treatments viz. S1 (Red gram straw) S2 (Wheat Straw) S3 (Fallen leaf of Gum arabic tree + Custard apple+ Teak), S4 (Rice bran) S5, (Soybean straw) and S6, (Fallen leaf of Palash + Teak). The average yield of Mushroom produced on each bed was noted. It is observed that the dry weight of mushroom cultivated on substrate S6 (Fallen leaf of Palash + Teak) was found more followed by mushroom cultivated on treatment S1 (Red gram straw) (76gm) than the rest of the treatments. Biochemical study revealed that moisture percent was found highest in mushroom cultivated on paddy straw (35.83%) whereas lowest moisture percent was noted in mushroom grown on (S6) fallen leaf of Palash and Teak (31.68%). The crude fiber percent was found highest (18.63%) in mushroom grown on treatment S2 (Wheat straw) and was noted low (8.76%) in treatment S1 (Red gram straw) mushrooms. The ash percent was highest in mushroom grown on treatment S6 (10.66%) and lowest in mushroom obtained on treatment S5 (5.38%). The highest protein content was measured in mushroom produced on treatment S4 (12.24 mg/ml) and was found lowest for treatment S2 (10.28 mg/ml) The protein content was varied in mushroom grown on different treatment and was found in the range of (12.20 -10.35 mg/ml). This study revealed that the oyster mushrooms grown on different straw were differ in nutritional composition although belongs to same genus.
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