A leak-detection method based on the use of high-temperature microphones was initially developed for ATR. The next-generation system was developed for RBMK entry and exit piping. Even though there are structural differences between them, RBMK and ATR have the same type of loop cooling. This has made it possible to develop a general approach to coolant leak detection. The microphone system of leak detection has been installed and successfully operating at the Leningrad nuclear power plant. The system detects leaks with sensitivity 0.23 m 3 /h, and it determines the site of a leak and estimates its size. The experience gained at the Leningrad nuclear power plant has subsequently been used at the Fugen nuclear power plant, where 0.046 m 3 /h was chosen as the target sensitivity for detecting leaks in the ATR entry piping. The possibility of detecting and determining the site of a small leak by the method proposed has been demonstrated in the present work.The methods used at nuclear power plants to detect leaks in the first loop, as a rule, are slow and do not permit determining the site of the leak. The detection method based on high-temperature microphones, which responds rapidly to the appearance of the acoustic noise due to a leak, was initially developed for the boiling-water channel reactor ATR at the Fugen nuclear power plant and later successfully used on the entry and exit piping of the RBMK reactor at the Leningrad nuclear power plant [1][2][3].Even though there are structural differences (ATR uses heavy water as the moderator), the RBMK and ATR reactors have the same type of cooling loop, which made it possible to develop a general approach to coolant leak detection. The differences in the RBMK piping arrangement and construction made it necessary to perform at the Leningrad nuclear power plant a complex of measurements of the acoustic characteristics of sound and background noise propagation. Using these data as a basis, a method was developed for detecting, locating, and estimating the size of a leak, i.e., the coolant flow through a leak. The target sensitivity 0.23 m 3 /h for the method was chosen in accordance with the recommendations of the International
Previous research on Bulgarian consonant acquisition reports earlier acquisition of stops, nasals and glides than fricatives, affricates and liquids. The current study expands the investigation of Bulgarian consonant acquisition. The primary objective was to identify characteristics of protracted versus typical phonological development (PPD versus TD) relative to consonant match (accuracy) levels and mismatch patterns. A native speaker audio-recorded and transcribed single-word productions (110-word list) of sixty 3- to 5-year-olds (30 TD, 30 PPD). Another two transcribers confirmed transcriptions using acoustic analysis for disambiguation. Data generally confirmed previous findings regarding the order of consonant acquisition. Factors characteristic of PPD in comparison with TD were: lower match levels, especially at age 3 for onsets in unstressed syllables: later mastery of laterals; and a greater proportion and range of mismatch patterns, including deletion and more than one feature mismatch per segment (e.g., Manner & Place). The paper concludes with clinical and research implications.
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