Lung sound intensity in the middle frequency range from 501 to 1000 Hz correlated with peripheral airway wall thickness. Inspiratory sound intensity appeared to be an indicator of morphological changes in small airways in asthma.
This paper focuses on evidence-based policy-making and democracy, along with political overreaction. In many countries, evidence-based policy-making is a prominent aspect of administration and aims to rationalize the policy-making process. Moreover, democracy is subject to many critiques nowadays because it cannot guarantee good public policy-making. Under such circumstances, some researchers have suggested that democracy should be limited, especially in public policy-making processes. There are many critiques of such arguments because they ignore the participation that is necessary for democracy. There is some hope that evidence-based policy-making can teach laypersons using evidence. However, evidence is too difficult to understand for many laypersons. In this paper, the author suggests limited participatory analysis to support evidence-based policy. In this system, only knowledge holders would be allowed to participate. If evidence-based policy meant that the formulation of policy relied only on narrower experts, it would not make a positive contribution. However, if evidence-based policy were to adopt a participatory policy-creation process, it would offer greater potential.
PrefacesEvidence-based policy making is strong stream in many developed democratic states. It aims to rationalize policy processes and improve policy programs. According to the theories of evidence-based policy, political processes are not preferable because they distort the policy programs. Thus, promoting evidence-based policymaking means that it strengthens the experts and scientific knowledge in politics.Evidence-based policy concentrates on rationalizing policy process and public policy making. Therefore, it is said that evidence-based policy can contribute to correcting political overreaction because rationalization can deal with overreaction and irrationality. However, some researchers argue that evidence-based policy disregards the value of democracy and it harms participation by citizens. Indeed, theorists of evidence-based policy argue that politicians or administrations neglect the importance of evidence. According to such a perspective, participation is not preferable for good policy making. On the contrary, some researchers argue that in public policy making, we need to consider democracy and social value. These conflicts have a long history in public policy studies and analysis.However, these discussions are often carried out without "accountability". The concept of accountability is complex, but it is clear that accountability has a strong relation with citizens who are not bureaucrats. This concept suggests that public policy must maintain clarity regarding why a policy is upheld or ended. Despite this, practices and theories of evidence-based policy emphasize "what works", which relates to specific policy programs. They concentrate on improving policy programs. Thus, accountability to citizens has not been afforded due importance. Some researchers supporting evidence-based policy argue that evidence can correct the irrati...
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