We observed a significant association between AGE levels and nocturia score > 1. Further research is necessary to clarify a possible causal relationship between oxidative stress and nocturia.

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Objectives: To evaluate the effect of overactive bladder (OAB) and frailty on indoor fall events in community-dwelling adults aged 50 or older. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 723 adults between 2016 and 2017 in Hirosaki, Japan. OAB symptoms and sleep disturbance were assessed using the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Indoor fall events (falls or near-falls) within 1 year were evaluated. Frailty was evaluated by the frailty discriminant score. We investigated the association of OAB symptoms with sleep disturbance, frailty, and indoor fall events. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the effect of OAB symptoms on fall events controlling for confounding factors such as age, gender, comorbidity, frailty, and sleep disturbance. Results: The median age was 64. We observed OABSS ≥6 in 98 participants (14%), nocturia ≥2 in 445 (62%), urgency score ≥3 in 80 (11%), urge incontinence score ≥3 in 36 (5.0%), PSQI ≥6 in 153 (21%), frailty in 169 (23%), and indoor fall events in 251 (35%). Older age, diabetes, OABSS, nocturia, urgency, urge incontinence, and the PSQI were significantly associated with indoor fall events. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that OAB symptoms and sleep disturbance were significantly associated with fall events. Conclusions: The effect of OAB symptoms and sleep disturbance on indoor fall events was significant. The causal relationship between OAB and falls needs further study.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The causal relationship between sleep disorder and frequency of nocturia remains unclear. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We longitudinally evaluated sleep disorder and frequency of nocturia in 547 community-dwelling adults between baseline and 5-year follow-up. We included participants ≥50 years old who have no sleep disorder (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] ≥ 5) nor nocturia (≥1). For 5 years, we evaluated the temporal changes in sleep disorder and nocturia and the bidirectional relationships between sleep disorder and nocturia. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 547 participants, we included 268 adults with a median age of 61 years in this study. Median PSQI and nocturia were significantly increased for 5 years from 2 to 3 and from 1 to 2, respectively. New onset of sleep disorder (PSQI &#x3e; 5) and nocturia &#x3e;1 was observed in 42 (16%) and 137 (51%) participants, respectively. The cross-lagged panel analysis showed that the path coefficient from PSQI to nocturia (β = 0.22, <i>p</i> = 0.031) was significantly higher than that from nocturia to PSQI (β = 0.02, <i>p</i> = 0.941). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our longitudinal study showed the effect of sleep disorder on nocturia was significant, although nocturia may not significantly worsen sleep disorder in community-dwelling adults.

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