Therapeutic goals to improve neurological outcome are to shorten the duration of the altered level of consciousness, and to minimize the peak plasma leucine level as much as possible.

These findings suggest that skin application of 10% urea-containing cream increases the cutaneous blood flow and water retaining ability, and that histaminergic H3-receptors may mediate these effects.

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Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is an antibody-mediated disorder of infants characterized by two major clinical manifestations; cutaneous lupus lesions and congenital heart block (CHB). The disease is associated with placentally transferred maternal anti-Ro/SSA and/or La/SSB antibodies. There is a tendency for the same disease expression to occur within a sibship. To reveal a possible association of class II MHC genes with maternal anti-Ro/SSA autoimmune responses and neonatal outcomes in NLE with a relatively homogeneous ethnic background, haplotype, and allele distributions were analyzed based on the PCR-RFLP results in 26 Japanese anti-Ro/SSA-positive mothers from three groups defined by neonatal outcomes. The results were as follows: (i) maternal HLA-DR5 haplotype DRB1*1101-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0301 and individual class II alleles making up this haplotype were significantly associated with neonatal cutaneous lupus but not CHB. Conversely, maternal HLA-DQB1*0602 carried on HLA-DR2 haplotypes was associated with CHB but not cutaneous NLE; (ii) HLA-DQA1 alleles with glutamine at position 34 of the first domain, which have reportedly been associated with the autoimmune responses to Ro/SSA antigens in other ethnic groups, were increased in the mothers of infants with cutaneous involvement; and (iii) there was no particular class II HLA profile that distinguished the disease manifestations in infants. These findings suggest that specific maternal MHC class II genes might correlate with specific neonatal outcomes in NLE.