the natural mitotic microtubule remodeling that was also accompanied by SOCE inhibition. Short exposure to paclitaxel, a microtubule-stabilizing drug, bolstered SOCE, whereas long exposure resulted in microtubule disruption and SOCE inhibition. Actin-modifying drugs did not affect SOCE. These findings indicate that mitotic microtubule remodeling plays a significant role in the inhibition of SOCE during mitosis.
were caused by both Ca 2+ influx and mobilization. E x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g a g o n i s t s a n d a n t a g o n i s t s a l s o revealed that cerebral arteriole smooth muscles possess 5-HT1a, 1b, 2 (G-protein-coupled type), and 3 (ion channel type) receptors; specifically, 5-HT2 plays a major role in these responses. On the other hand, in testicular vessels, there were few regional differences among responses to 5-HT, and both large-and small-sized arterioles responded to 5-HT. The responses were caused by only Ca 2+ mobilization mediated 5-HT1a and 2. These results indicate that arterioles in different tissues may respond to 5-HT in different manners. Regional differences and the size-dependent manner of responses to 5-HT in cerebral blood vessels also indicate that the regulatory mechanism of blood circulation is highly differentiated in each region of the central nervous system.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted axonography, and diffusion tensor tractography in a patient with tumefactive demyelination plaque (TDP) were evaluated for differential diagnosis from glioblastoma. The findings of glutamate and glutamine elevations on magnetic resonance spectroscopy and apparent tracts within the lesion on axonography and tractography were unlikely to represent glioblastoma, and were thus useful for the preoperative diagnosis of TDP.
5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT: serotonin) is an important transmitter that causes vessel constriction, although few studies have examined the effect of 5-HT on venous smooth muscles. The intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) plays an essential role in stimulus-response coupling in numerous tissue/cells including vascular smooth muscle cells. The present study was performed to examine whether differences between arteries and veins in the response to 5-HT can be detected under confocal microscope with respect to [Ca 2+ ] i dynamics. In posterior ciliary arteries of rats, 5-HT induced a [Ca 2+ ] i increase. The 5-HT-induced responses were caused by both Ca 2+ influx and mobilization. Agonist and antagonist experiments revealed that arterial smooth muscles possess 5-HT 1a, 1b, 2 (Gprotein-coupled type) and 5-HT 3 (ion channel type) receptors, and that 5-HT 2 in particular plays a major role in these responses. For vorticose veins, the 5-HT-induced responses were also caused by both Ca 2+ influx and mobilization. However, the cAMP dependent pathway (5-HT 4-7 ) was found to be significant in vasocontraction with respect to 5-HT in these vessels. Thus, Ca 2+ mobilization was induced by 5-HT 2 and 5-HT 4-7 in a vessel-dependent manner, whereas Ca 2+ influx universally was induced by 5-HT 3 . These results indicate that the posterior ciliary arteries and vorticose veins in the same tissue might differ greatly in their responses to stimulus.Retinal vein occlusion is the second most common retinal vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy and is considered to be an important cause of visual impairment (9, 54). Ischemic disorders of the optic nerve constitute an important cause of visual loss (7, 30). For example, ischemic optic neuropathy, an acute disorder of the optic nerve, is now known to be a common yet serious vision-threatening disease in middle-aged and elderly populations (13,72). Similarly, evidence is mounting that vascular insufficiency in the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve might play an important role in amorose glaucomatous optic neuropathy and papilloedema (65, 83). The main vascular sources of the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve consist of the branches of the posterior ciliary artery and the central retinal artery (29,36,50,79). The choroid blood vessels of the eye provide 80-95% of the blood to the ocular structures including the outer retina and ciliary processes (6). The central retinal artery supplies the optic nerve and the inner retina, while the posterior ciliary artery pierces the sclera to enter the choroidal coat of the eye. The central retinal artery ends without significant anastomoses (32). The choroidal vessels are innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves; the parasympathetic innervation of the choroid derives from the ipsilateral pterygopalatine ganglion (59). Parasympathetic nerve stimulation produces nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, which
Summary. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) expressed in the endothelia and smooth muscles of vessels may play important roles in blood vessel function. Using intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca 2+ ]i) imaging, we recently observed that small but not large arterioles of the brain responded to proteases, while testicular arterioles showed no response. The purpose of the present study was to examine the heterogeneity of the localization of PARs in arterioles using immunohistochemistry. Consistent with the [Ca 2+ ]i imaging results, neither the thrombin receptor nor PAR2 were evident in large arterioles of the brain. However, the small arterioles of the brain, vascular smooth muscles, and endothelia showed a distinct immunoreactivity against the thrombin receptor and PAR2. The immunoreactivity of PARs in testicular arterioles was faint. In conclusion, size-dependent and/or organ-specifi c responses of arterioles to proteases are due to the heterogeneous localization of PARs.
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