Overlay routing is an application-level routing mechanism and existing research has revealed that overlay routing can improve user-perceived performance. On the other hand, overlay routing may harm the ISPs' cost structure because of the policy mismatch between IP routing and overlay routing. In a previous study, we proposed a method to reduce inter-ISP transit cost caused by overlay routing while maintaining the effectiveness of the overlay routing. However, we evaluated the proposed method only in the PlanetLab environment, the node location of which is biased to North America. In addition, the previous evaluation focused only on limiting the degree of increase in the inter-ISP transit cost and did not explicitly consider the performance of the overlay routing. In the present paper, we evaluate the proposed method in more general network environments, which are the generalized PlanetLab environment and the Japanese commercial ISPs network environment. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed method in terms of the trade-off relationships between the overlay routing performance and the inter-ISP transit cost over the entire network. In addition, we discuss the differences in the network properties in both environments, which affect the performance of the proposed method.
Application-level routing that chooses an end-to-end traffic route that relays other end hosts can improve user-perceived performance metrics such as end-to-end latency and available bandwidth. However, selfish route selection performed by each end user can lead to a decrease in path performance due to overload by route overlaps, as well as an increase in the inter-ISP transit cost as a result of utilizing more transit links compared with native IP routing. In this paper, we first strictly define an optimization problem for selecting application-level traffic routes with the aim of maximizing end-to-end network performance under a transit cost constraint. We then propose an application-level traffic routing method based on distributed simulated annealing to obtain good solutions to the problem. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method by assuming that PlanetLab nodes utilize application-level traffic routing. We show that the proposed routing method can result in considerable improvement of network performance without increasing transit cost. In particular, when using end-to-end latency as a routing metric, the number of overloaded endto-end paths can be reduced by about 65%, as compared with that when using non-coordinated methods. We also demonstrate that the proposed method can react to dynamic changes in traffic demand and select appropriate routes.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.