Iron oxides can be reduced in a scale by batch annealing treatment in a reducing atmosphere of 7 vol% H2+93 vol% N2 at 1123 K for hot-rolled coils of type430 stainless steel. The heating processes cause cracks, a Cr2O3 layer in the scale and a Cr depleted layer on the substrate. It is possible to produce a large number of cracks in the scale by employing a scale breaker. The ease of descaling is positively related to the amount of bending elongation. Similarly with shot blasting, descaling becomes easier as the projection energy of the shot blasting increases. The pickling solution penetrates the scale through cracks on the surface of the strip, and its acid dissolves the stainless steel coil and part of the scale. The scale peels from the stainless steel coil in island-like exfoliation until the scale has been removed from the entire surface of the stainless steel coil.
The proton NMR absorption spectra from 1.3 to 77 K in two organic free radicals, BDPA–Bz and p-Cl-BDPA, have been measured on powder samples which undergo a magnetic phase transition from a paramagnetic to an antiferromagnetic state at the temperatures of 1.695 and 3.25 K respectively. The behavior of the NMR absorption spectra associated with the magnetic phase transition has been studied for the first time in the organic free radicals and interpreted in terms of the hyperfine interaction. These results are then compared with those of the TANOL radical, which is a linear antiferromagnet with no magnetic phase transition down to 1.3 K.
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