The discovery of multi-species synchronous spawning of scleractinian corals on the Great Barrier Reef in the 1980s stimulated an extraordinary effort to document spawning times in other parts of the globe. Unfortunately, most of these data remain unpublished which limits our understanding of regional and global reproductive patterns. The Coral Spawning Database (CSD) collates much of these disparate data into a single place. The CSD includes 6178 observations (3085 of which were unpublished) of the time or day of spawning for over 300 scleractinian species in 61 genera from 101 sites in the Indo-Pacific. The goal of the CSD is to provide open access to coral spawning data to accelerate our understanding of coral reproductive biology and to provide a baseline against which to evaluate any future changes in reproductive phenology.
We used the gametocidal system to dissect a barley chromosome 3H added to common wheat. The gametocidal system induced chromosomal structural changes in the 3H addition line of common wheat, and we cytologically screened for rearranged chromosomes involving the 3H chromosome by in situ hybridization (FISH/GISH). We established 50 common wheat lines carrying single rearranged (or dissected) 3H chromosomes of independent origin. The dissected 3H chromosomes were either deletions or translocations with wheat chromosomes, and their breakpoints were in the centromere/the long arm/the short arm in a rough ratio of 1:2:2. We used these so-called 3H dissection lines to map 36 EST markers that were polymorphic between euploid common wheat and the 3H addition line and that had been used for the construction of a 3H genetic map. We conducted PCR analysis to detect the EST markers in the dissection lines. The results of the PCR analysis, which mostly corresponded to the retained or lost segments of the dissected 3H chromosomes, allowed us to place the 36 EST markers into 20 chromosomal regions flanked by the breakpoints of the dissected chromosomes. We compared this physical map constructed in this study with a 3H genetic map constructed using the same EST markers. The order of all EST markers was consistent between the two maps. We briefly discuss on the advantage of the physical mapping using dissection lines over genetic mapping.
The reproductive modes of corals in the family Fungiidae are relatively poorly known. In this study we document the findings over five years of observations of various reproductive traits and seasonal reproductive pat terns of 12 species of mushroom corals from northern Okinawa. We provide new records with respect to sexuali ty and mode of reproduction for six species: Ctenactis crassa, Fungia paumotensis, F. scruposa, F. granulosa, Halomitra pileus and Sandalolitha dentata. Furthermore, we indicate two new species that change sex (C. crassa and F. scruposa), as well as identify F. fungites in Oki nawa as a gonochoric brooder. We estimate the reproduc tive effort of C. echinata, C. crassa and F. repanda for the months of July and August of the years 2007-2009, discuss their diurnal rhythms, degree of spawning overlap and the potential for hybridization vs. temporal reproduc tive isolation in these species. We conclude by highlight ing the fungiids as ideal model organisms for studies of reproductive ecology, larval development and the evolu tion of lifehistory traits.
Conformation-directing interactions between poly-L-lysine (PLL) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in aqueous media have been studied as a function of pH by circular dichroism spectroscopy. It was found that P AA reacts with PLL stoichiometrically independent of the molecular weight of the P AA and induces a-helix formation for PLL. The induced circular dichroism spectra of the complex have been measured by using acridine orange as a chromophore. The results, together with the CD spectra in the ultraviolet region, suggest that P AA which is capable of forming a left-handed super helix binds to the core composed of a right-handed a-helix of PLL.
A vascular graft with the inner diameter of about 3 mm was prepared from segmented poly (ether urethane) with an extrusion technique. To make the wall of the vascular grafts porous, NaCl salts were added to the polyurethane solution to be extruded and removed with water extraction after evaporating the solvent in the extruded tube. The wall was reinforced with elastic fiber to prevent dilation. The compliance of the vascular graft measured with the method of Hayashi et al. ranged from 0.2 to 0.3% mmHg -1. The initial Young's modulus was close to that of canine carotic artery, to which the porous polyurethane graft 4-cm long was anastomosed. Vascular grafts were occluded within 2 weeks after implantation, when their pore size was 0, 1.7, or 4.4 mum, whereas those with the pore size of 5.5, 7.4, and 30 mum were patent for longer than 4 weeks. When the vascular graft with the pore size of 30 mum was implanted for 6 months, the luminal surface was covered with neointima, but the endothelium-like cells appearing in the middle of the intima of the vascular graft were immature and sometimes had a very big nucleus. In addition, spindle-shaped, modified smooth muscle cells were noticed in the deep layer of the neointima, especially in the tissue where anastomotic intimal hyperplasia occurred.
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