The concurrent use of this scale with clinical examination is expected to increase the accuracy of the diagnosis of ODD.
The purpose of this study is to clarify psychosocial characteristics of the comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in comparison with ADHD or ODD alone. Thirty-one patients with ADHD comorbid with ODD were compared with 23 ADHD alone and 10 with ODD alone, in terms of various examination items including objective assessment scales. The comorbid group demonstrated higher Children Depression Inventory score and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (state-anxiety) score than the ADHD or the ODD group, possessing more problems in the relationship with teachers than the ADHD group, with friends more than the ADHD or the ODD group, and with their mothers more than the ADHD group and less than the ODD group. School refusal occurred more frequently in the comorbid group than the ADHD group and less than the ODD group. The comorbid group had more psychosocial problems than the ADHD group and the ODD group. These problems could be classified into three types: (i) those derived from ODD, problems in the relationship with teachers; (ii) those derived from ODD but reduced by the coexistence of ADHD, problems in the relationship with their mothers; and (iii) those resulting from the comorbidity of ADHD and ODD, problems in the relationship with friends and anxious and depressive tendency. The difficulties in the relationship with teachers and friends observed in the comorbid group may lead to school refusal.
The purpose of the present paper was to make a detailed examination of the cut-off point for the Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory (ODBI). The subjects were 56 untreated boys (age 6-15 years), who were diagnosed to have oppositional defiant disorder and who presented between December 2001 and March 2008. Controls were 690 boys with no history of contacting hospitals and no developmental or behavioral disorders at two elementary schools and two junior high schools in a city and its suburbs. It was shown that the level of opposition in boys could be evaluated regardless of the age groups by the ODBI, because there was no significant difference in the ODBI score for the one-way analysis of variance. Based on the sensitivity (88.2%), specificity (90.0%), positive predictive value (75.0%) and negative predictive value (95.7%), a score of 20 points was thus established as a suitable cut-off point to distinguish the children who are eligible for ODD diagnosis from those who are not.
Aims:The aim of the present study was to verify the comorbidity of conduct disorder (CD) and behavioral/developmental disorders in children and adolescents, and to examine the traits of CD comorbid with them.Methods: Subjects were 64 children (60 boys, four girls) who were resident at three institutions for delinquent children or who were conduct-disordered outpatients of a university hospital aged under 18 years. A diagnostic interview was carried out by experienced child psychiatrists and the intelligence score and the Adverse Childhood Experiences score were measured by a licensed psychologist.Results: A total of 57 children were diagnosed as having CD, of whom 26 (45.6%) were diagnosed with comorbid attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 12 were diagnosed with comorbid pervasive developmental disorder (PDD, 21,1%), and 19 (33.3%) had no comorbidity of either disorder. Six children (18.8% of CD comorbid with ADHD) met the criteria for both ADHD and PDD. The group with comorbid PDD was significantly younger at onset (F = 6.51, P = 0.003) and included unsocialized type more frequently (c 2 = 6.66, P = 0.036) compared with the other two groups.Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware that not only ADHD but also PDD may be comorbid with CD. Establishment of the correct diagnosis is important because recognizing the presence of PDD will enable us to provide appropriate treatment and guidance, which may improve prognosis.
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