We report the first quantum key distribution (QKD) systems capable of delivering sustainable, real-time secure keys continuously at rates exceeding 10 Mb/s. To achieve such rates, we developed high speed post-processing modules, achieving maximum data throughputs of 60 MC/s, 55 Mb/s, and 108 Mb/s for standalone operation of sifting, error correction and privacy amplification modules, respectively. The photonic layer of the QKD systems features high-speed single photon detectors based on self-differencing InGaAs avalanche photodiodes, phase encoding using asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and active stabilization of the interferometer phase and photon polarisation. An efficient variant of the decoy-state BB84 protocol is implemented for security analysis, with a large dataset size of 10 8 bits selected to mitigate finite-size effects. Over a 2 dB channel, a record secure key rate of 13.72 Mb/s has been achieved averaged over 4.4 days of operation. We confirm the robustness and long-term stability on a second QKD system continuously running for 1 month without any user intervention.
A 57-year-old womanwas admitted with symmetrical proximal muscle weakness, liver dysfunction, abnormal muscle enzymes, and she was an antibody to hepatitis B e (anti-HBe) positive hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier. Biopsy of her left quadriceps femoris showed myositis, so prednisolone was started at 40 mg/day. However,her hepatic function deteriorated and liver biopsy after 4 months showed acute hepatitis with partial submassive necrosis. Treatment with interferonalpha and cyclosporin A progressively reduced the transaminase and HBV-DNAlevels. Early treatment with interferon-alpha plus cyclosporin A can control exacerbation of hepatitis B.
Secure storage and secondary use of individual human genome data is increasingly important for genome research and personalized medicine. Currently, it is necessary to store the whole genome sequencing information (FASTQ data), which enables detections of de novo mutations and structural variations in the analysis of hereditary diseases and cancer. Furthermore, bioinformatics tools to analyze FASTQ data are frequently updated to improve the precision and recall of detected variants. However, existing secure secondary use of data, such as multi-party computation or homomorphic encryption, can handle only a limited algorithms and usually requires huge computational resources. Here, we developed a high-performance one-stop system for large-scale genome data analysis with secure secondary use of the data by the data owner and multiple users with different levels of data access control. Our quantum secure cloud system is a distributed secure genomic data analysis system (DSGD) with a “trusted server” built on a quantum secure cloud, the information-theoretically secure Tokyo QKD Network. The trusted server will be capable of deploying and running a variety of sequencing analysis hardware, such as GPUs and FPGAs, as well as CPU-based software. We demonstrated that DSGD achieved comparable throughput with and without encryption on the trusted server Therefore, our system is ready to be installed at research institutes and hospitals that make diagnoses based on whole genome sequencing on a daily basis.
Secure storage and secondary use of individual human genome data is increasingly important for genome research and personalized medicine. Currently, it is necessary to store whole genome sequencing information (FASTQ data) itself, which enables detections of denovo mutations and structural variations in the analysis of hereditary diseases and cancer. Furthermore, bioinformatics tools to analyze FASTQ data are frequently updated to improve the precision and recall of detected variants. However, existing secure secondary use of data, such as multi-party computation or homomorphic encryption, only can handle a limited algorithms and usually requires huge computational resources. Here, we developed a high-performance one-stop system for large-scale genome data analysis with secure secondary use of data to the data owner and multiple users with different data access control. Our quantum secure cloud system is a distributed secure genomic data analysis system (DSGD) with “a trusted server” built on a quantum secure cloud, Tokyo QKD Network under the information-theoretically secure. The trusted server will be capable of deploying and running a variety of sequencing analysis hardware, such as GPUs and FPGAs, as well as CPU-based software. We demonstrated DSGD achieved comparable throughput between with and without encryption on the “a trusted server”. Therefore, our system would be ready to be installed to the research institutes and hospitals that makes diagnoses based on whole genome sequencing on a daily basis.
We performed laparoscopy on 72 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CH‐C) to elucidate its morphological features and characteristics relating to its progressive clinical course. We then compared these findings with those of 188 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CH‐B). The frequency of reddish hepatic markings was almost the same in the patients with CH‐B (21%) and the patients with CH‐C (24%). In the patients with CH‐B, reddish markings were present more frequently in the subjects with sublobular hepatic necrosis (34%) than in those without it (5%, p<0.01), but in CH‐C the difference was not significant. Reddish markings were more even in the patients with CH‐B with respect to form, size and distribution, whereas those in the patients with CH‐C were more uneven. Prenodular patchy markings were present more frequently in the patients with CH‐B (14%) than in the patients with CH‐C (6%, p<0. 05). These findings suggested that the progression of hepatic necrosis was more variable in different parts of the liver, and that the regeneration of hepatocytes was less active in the patients with CH‐C, compared with the patients with CH‐B.
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