BACKGROUND/AIM: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a long period of stress for people worldwide and has significantly affected sleep duration. The pandemic revealed new stress factors that are likely to affect sleep. Uncertainty is a factor that leads to anxiety and depression, which affects sleep. It should also be noted that reductions in sleep quality rather than sleep duration are associated with negative consequences on mental health. This study aims to investigate online that how this situation affected university students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research, with a descriptive study design, was conducted in Turkey between June 01, 2021 and July 30, 2021. The sample included 604 people who accepted voluntary participation, chosen by the random selection method. In the study, sociodemographic information form, Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), morningness–eveningness questionnaire scale (MEQ Scale), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) were used as data collection tools. Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to examine the relationship between the scales. Multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the role of morningness–eveningness, anxiety, depression, and insomnia severity on sleep quality. RESULTS: Sleep quality was negatively correlated with morningness–eveningness scores ( r = –0.32, P < 0.01), and positively and significantly related with anxiety ( r = 0.43, P < 0.01), depression ( r = 0.40, P < 0.01) and insomnia severity ( r = 0.55, P < 0.01). According to regression coefficients, while anxiety (β = 0.041, P < 0.001) and insomnia severity scores (β = 0.226, P < 0.001) positively predicted sleep quality, depression did not predict it significantly (β = 0.009, P > 0.05). A significant difference was found in sleep quality according to morning, evening, and intermediate types (F = 27.401, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Events related to the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with reduced sleep quality in connection with increasing negative moods. Considering the importance of sleep for a healthy life, efforts should be made to raise awareness about this issue and to provide psychological help to affected individuals.
COVID-19 salgınının yönetiminde ülkelerin hazırlıklı olmaması ve küresel sağlık sisteminin yetersizlikleri salgını dünya genelinde küresel boyutlu sağlık krizine dönüştürmüştür. Bu çalışmada, COVID-19 sağlık krizinin ülkelerin sağlık sistemleri üzerine etkisi, küresel sağlık sistemleri boyutuyla literatüre doğrultusunda değerlendirildi. Koronavirüs diğer salgınlardan farklı olarak gelir ayrımı gözetmeden tüm ülkelerde hızla yayılmıştır. Birleşmiş Milletler ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) ülkeler arasındaki sosyal, ekonomik ve sağlık eşitsizliklerine bağlı COVID-19 sürecinin daha kötüye gitmemesi için küresel dayanışma politikalarının desteklenmesinde ortak yaklaşımın gerekli olduğunu bildirmiştir. Fakat küresel siyasette etkili bazı güçlü ülkeler arasındaki anlaşmazlıkların küresel sağlık sistemini ve salgın yönetimini olumsuz etkilediği görülmüştür. COVID-19 salgının başlamasıyla bazı ülkeler "önce benim milletim" yaklaşımını ön plana çıkararak küresel sağlık politikalarının adil uygulanması yaklaşımını baltalamıştır. Dünya Ticaret Örgütüne üye ülkeler yapılmış ticaret anlaşmalarını da ihlal ederek salgınla mücadelede gerekli olan ürünlere ihracat kısıtlaması getirmiştir. Yine yüksek gelirli ülkelerin salgın sürecinde halk sağlığı ve insan hakları yaklaşımlarını göz ardı ederek, satın alma gücüyle orantılı COVID-19 aşılarını elde ettiği bildirilmiştir. Dünya genelinde, pandemi sürecinde küresel sağlık sistemine daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulduğu halde salgınının küresel düzeyde etkili yönetilemediği görülmüştür. Küresel sağlık sisteminin etkili yönetişimi için yeniden tasarımın gerekli olduğu vurgulanmıştır.
Bu araştırma, kamu çalışanlarının kapsayıcı liderlik algılarını ve bununla ilişkili faktörleri değerlendirmek amacıyla yürütüldü. Araştırmanın evrenini bir kamu üniversitesi ve hastanelerinde çalışan toplam 1033 kişi oluşturdu. Evrenden örnekleme gidilmeden araştırmanın yürütüldüğü tarihlerde araştırmaya gönüllü katılan ve ulaşılabilen 387 kişi araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturdu. Tanımlayıcı tipte yürütülen araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında anket formu ve kapsayıcı liderlik ölçeği kullanıldı. Araştırma verileri araştırmacı tarafından 06 Haziran-15 Kasım 2022 tarihlerinde çalışanların işyerlerinde yüz yüze görüşme tekniği kullanılarak toplandı. Lise düzeyinde öğrenime sahip olan çalışanların kapsayıcı liderlik toplam puan ve alt boyut puan ortalamaları ön lisans, lisans ve lisansüstü öğrenim düzeyine sahip çalışanlara göre istatiksel olarak anlamlı olarak daha düşük bulundu (p<0.05). Ayrıca hastanede çalışanların kapsayıcı liderlik puan ortalamaları ölçeğin geneli ve alt boyutlarında üniversitede çalışanlara göre daha yüksek olup ve 1-4 yıl çalışma deneyimine sahip çalışanların kapsayıcı liderlik puan ortalamaları daha yüksek ve bu fark istatistiksel olarak da anlamlı görüldü (p<0.05). Öğrenim düzeyi lise üzerinde olan, çalışma deneyimi 1-4 yıl olan ve hastanede çalışanların kapsayıcı liderlik algıları daha yüksektir.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the shear bond strength of three high-viscosity bulk-fill composite resins applied as single layers of 4mm thickness and of one microhybrid composite resin applied incrementally with a thickness of 2mm on dentin surfaces prepared with different surface preparation methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 132 caries-free human molars whose dentines had been exposed were used. Three groups, each containing 44 teeth, were formed. The acid group was etched with 32% phosphoric acid; laser group was etched with Er, Cr; YSGG laser and the control group was prepared with silicon carbid paper. Following the application of bonding agent, composite resin materials were applied on teeth using teflon moulds of 4x4mm. The samples were then subjected to shear bond strength tests. Two-way variance analysis and Tukey HSD multiple comparison test were applied on collected data. Results: There was a significant difference between surface treatment methods used regarding shear bond strength (P<0.001). The highest shear bond strength values were detected in the “Acid” group while the lowest shear bond strength values were detected in the “control” group. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference among composite resins (P>0.05). Conclusions: Laser etching of the dentin tissues is not as effective as acid etching. Bulk-fill composites had similar effects compared with conventional composite resins with regard to bonding strength. More in vitro studies supported with clinical data are required to investigate the performance of bulk-fill composites and laser.
It has been reported that the tensions, incoordination and incompatibility between the central and local government, and the disconnection in the institutional capacity in the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic, adversely affected the epidemic management. This study was carried out to evaluate the centralization and decentralization practices in the management of the COVID-19 health crisis in the world within the scope of the literature. With the spread of COVID-19 around the world in 2020, most governments have had to take drastic central measures to reduce the spread of the virus. It was emphasized that the measures taken in most countries in the early stages of the epidemic were not taken in coordination with the local units, causing incompatibilities with the local. As of 2021, due to the different experiences of the local effects of the epidemic during the pandemic process, it has been observed that the measures applied in the countries against the epidemic differ according to the local and regions. Ensuring that coordination and harmony between central government and local government/units are important that is explained by the fact that the local effects of the epidemic are different (infection rate, population density, effectiveness of the measures taken, etc.). During the COVID-19 process, it has been observed that countries have different centralization and decentralization practices suitable for their own conditions. It is reported that the simultaneous and complementary coordination of centralization and decentralization in governance in COVID-19 and similar crises will prevent complexity at management levels and positively affect the effective management of the crisis.
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