It is recommended to explore the factors that induced nursing students' tendency to euthanasia.

Background and aims: Patients with chronic conditions often develop psychiatric disorders, most commonly depression, stress and anxiety, which may worsen the disease. This study examines the prevalence of depression, stress and anxiety among ostomy patients. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, with participants selected using convenience sampling from all those who presented for follow up for routine stoma care in a wound clinic in Isfahan, Iran. Data were collected using a demographic variables checklist and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21). Results: Of the 70 participants, 51% were women and the rest were men. The mean age was 62.6 ± 14.1 years (range: 32–91 years). The mean scores for depression, anxiety and stress were 10.9 ± 5.4, 13.1±4.8 and 10.6 ± 5.8 respectively. In total, some level of depression, anxiety and stress was reported by 87%, 92.1% and 71% of patients respectively. Factors such as patients' sex, age, type of stoma and duration of living with stoma appeared to affect patients' levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Conclusion: The rate of psychological problems among ostomy patients is high. Health-care providers should be aware of this and plan for prevention. Further study in this regard is strongly recommended.

Aim: Although there has been considerable recent research from around the world on the effect of spiritual wellbeing in a variety of chronic conditions, little research has been conducted specifically on the spiritual wellbeing of patients with a stoma. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify spiritual wellbeing in ostomates and determine whether this had any impact on their quality of life (QoL). Method: This study was conducted in Iran in 2016, and 70 ostomates were enrolled through convenience sampling. The data collection instrument was based on Palutzian and Ellison's Spiritual Wellbeing Scale and the City of Hope Quality of Life-Ostomy Questionnaire. Results: Among the 70 participants, 38 were women (54%). The mean of the total QoL scores was 4.4 (SD=0.7). When separated into physical, psychological, social and spiritual dimensions, the mean QoL scores were 5.7 (SD=0.8), 4.2 (SD=0.7), 3.4 (SD=0.7) and 4.7 (SD=1.1), respectively. The mean score for spiritual wellbeing was 75.1 (SD=7.7). Physical, psychological, social and spiritual dimensions of QoL and total QoL had direct and significant correlations. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that there is a relationship between QoL and spiritual wellbeing levels in ostomates, and this can be used by health-care planners and caregivers to improve the QoL of their patients.

Background: There are some mediators that affect physical activity such as knowledge and attitude. Some barriers such as lack of time, bad environments may impede doing physical activities. It sounds that lack of time is a common barrier to do physical activity in nursing and midwifery students. Since they encounter some factors that affect their health, this knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study may be helpful to maintain and improve their health.

Considering the importance of family caregivers in pressure injury prevention, it is necessary to clearly define their role in pressure injury prevention guidelines. We reviewed the contents of pressure injury prevention guidelines with the aim of defining the role of family caregivers. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Proquest were searched, as well as the internet, as some pressure injury guidelines may not be published in professional journals. Literature published between 2000 and 2020 was searched using the keywords “pressure injury,” “pressure ulcer,” “bed sore,” and “prevention guideline.” Ten guidelines related to pressure injury prevention were found. Of these, five guidelines mentioned the role of family caregivers in relation to pressure injury, referring only to the training and empowerment of family caregivers. Of the five guidelines that mentioned caregiver training, only three determined the training content in detail. According to these guidelines, family caregivers should be trained on the risk factors of pressure injuries, characteristics of pressure injuries, intervention to prevent pressure injuries, nutrition, sign and symptoms of pressure injuries, complication such as infection and using protective equipment and devices. In the guidelines that focused on family caregivers, the attention is sometimes limited and vague. Limited attention to the role of family caregivers can lead to lack of awareness and reduced ability of family caregivers to prevent pressure injury and ultimately increase the patient's risk of developing pressure injury.