Background The ergogenic properties of acute caffeine (CAF) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion on athletic performance have been previously investigated. However, each sport has unique physiological and technical characteristics which warrants optimizing supplementations strategies for maximizing performance. This study examined the effects of CAF and NaHCO3 ingestion on physiological responses and rate of perceived exertion during a Karate-specific aerobic test (KSAT) in competitive karatekas. Methods In a double-blind, crossover, randomized placebo-controlled trial, eight Karatekas underwent five experimental conditions including control (CON), placebo (PLA), CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 before completing KSAT. Capsules containing 6 mg/kg BW CAF were consumed 50 min prior to a KSAT whilst 0.3 g/kg BW NaHCO3 was consumed for 3 days leading to and 120, 90, and 60 min prior to a KSAT. Time to exhaustion (TTE), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate (BL) were measured before, immediately after and 3 min following KSAT. Results TTE was significantly greater following CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 consumption compared to PLA and CON. However, the differences between CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). BL increased significantly from baseline to immediately after and 3 min following KSAT in all conditions (p < 0.01), while RPE at the end of KSAT was not significantly different between conditions (p = 0.11). Conclusions Karate practitioners may benefit from the ergogenic effects of CAF and NaHCO3 when consumed separately or together.
Background: The human society has long been challenged by the issue of drug addiction. Due to cultural reasons, beliefs based on wrong perceptions and unique geographical position, Iranian society is prone to drug addiction. The addicts usually have several problems in handling social and inter-personal communications, a fact that highlights the necessity of providing life skills training to these patients. Objectives: The study is an attempt to determine the effect of life skills training on social communication of male drug addicts who referred to Tavalod Novin Drug Clinic in Larestan, Iran. Methods: A semi-experimental study was carried out to examine the quality of social relationship of drug addicts. To this end, Piers' standard questionnaire of social relationship with 29 statements was administered before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention. Participants were 42 drug addicts in the age range of 20 -68 who referred to the drug clinic and used medicine treatment program. The intervention was consisted of seven 2-hour sessions of life skills training program. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, and Kolmogorov Smirnov (KS) test was used to check normality assumption with regard to quantitative variables. Results:Comparison of the data before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention revealed statistically significant differences in the domains of social support, depth of relationships, conflicting relationships, and total score of social relationship with parents, family members, and friends (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Given the fact that drug addicts usually have problems in their social and inter-personal relationships, life skills trainings can be effective in improving their social communication in terms of their relationships with parents, family members, and friends. Life skills training should be a part of training protocols for drug addicts.
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