ObjectivesTo clarify the association between toothbrushing and risk factors for cardiovascular disease—namely, hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidaemia (DL), hyperuricaemia (HUA) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).DesignA large-scale, single-centre, cross-sectional study.SettingSt Luke's International Hospital, Center for Preventive Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, between January 2004 and June 2010.ParticipantsThis study examined the toothbrushing practices of 85 866 individuals according to the 3-category frequency criterion: ‘after every meal’, ‘at least once a day’ and ‘less than once a day’. The ORs by frequency were calculated for the prevalences of HT, DM, DL, HUA and CKD according to binominal logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, body mass index and lifestyle habits—smoking, drinking, walk time and sleep time.ResultsThe prevalences of the risk factors were as follows: HT (‘after every meal’: 13.3%, ‘at least once a day’: 17.9% and ‘less than once a day’: 31.0%), DM (3.1%, 5.3% and 17.4%, respectively), DL (29.0%, 42.1% and 60.3%, respectively), HUA (8.6%, 17.5% and 27.2%, respectively) and CKD (3.8%, 3.1% and 8.3%, respectively). The prevalences were significantly higher in the ‘less than once a day’ group than in the ‘after every meal’ group for DM (OR=2.03; 95% CI 1.29 to 3.21) and DL (OR=1.50; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.14), but not for HT, HUA and CKD.ConclusionsEven taking into account lifestyle habits, a lower frequency of toothbrushing was associated with high prevalences of DM and DL. Toothbrushing practices may be beneficial for oral health improvement and also for prevention of certain systemic diseases.

Toothbrushing practices 'after every meal' prevented developing DM in males and DL in females significantly. Toothbrushing practices may be beneficial to reduce developing risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Background: While water intake is frequently recommended to prevent cerebral infarction (CI), only few studies have been published on this topic. Objectives: This study retrospectively estimated the daily non-alcohol drink (NAD) intake in CI patients before CI onset and compared it with NAD in healthy subjects. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on CI patients in 3 hospitals and healthy subjects in the Kobe Orthopedic and Biomedical Epidemiologic (KOBE) study. Data from 1,287 subjects (274 CI patients and 1,013 healthy subjects) were used for the analyses. By dividing the CI patients into “increased”, “unchanged”, and “decreased” groups according to their current NAD intake, we compared the NAD intake between these 3 groups and healthy subjects by analyses of covariance and the post hoc test, adjusting for sex, age, surveyed month, body mass index, alcohol drinking history, and smoking history. Under the assumption that the NAD intake in the “unchanged” group was equal to the NAD intake before CI onset, the OR of less NAD intake for CI adjusting for the relevant variables in the “unchanged” group and the healthy subjects was calculated; the cut-off point was chosen using Youden’s index. Results: The mean age (mean ± SD) of the participants was 62.8 ± 9.3 years. One hundred and fifty-one patients (36 women) were included in the “increased” group; 105 (30 women), in the “unchanged” group; 18 (2 women), in the “decreased” group; and 1,013 (706 women), in the “healthy” group. The mean NAD intake was 1,702.5 ± 670.2 mL in the “increased” group, 1,494.2 ± 611.2 mL in the “unchanged” group, 1,268.0 ± 596.1 mL in the “decreased” group, and 1,720.6 ± 686.0 mL in the “healthy” group. After adjusting for the relevant variables, a significant difference in NAD intake between the groups was observed (F = 6.1, p < 0.001), and a post hoc test demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.05) in NAD intake between the “healthy” and “unchanged” groups, and between the “increased” and “unchanged” groups. The OR of less NAD intake (<1,570 mL/day, chosen using Youden’s index) for CI was 2.48 (95% CI 1.52–4.07). Conclusion: This study showed that daily NAD intake before CI onset in CI patients was less than that in healthy persons, indicating that sufficient intake of NAD may be protective for CI.

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