We examined the association between acute exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO) and mortality, using historical data from 1972-1991 in Yokkaichi, Japan. We used a time-stratified case-crossover study design. We included all causes of death, excluding external causes, between 1972 and 1991 in Yokkaichi and the neighboring town, Kusu of the Mie Prefecture (N = 29,839). We obtained daily estimations of SO concentrations during the study period. We then conducted conditional logistic regression analysis to examine association between SO exposure and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Exposure to SO increased the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a non-linear manner. The relationship between SO exposure and mortality outcomes remained after adjustment for co-pollutants such as particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. Historical data from Yokkaichi, Japan, showed that SO exposure increased the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Studies on ambient PM2.5 exposure and AURI and ALRI in regions such as South and South-East Asia, where levels of PM2.5 are among the highest, are limited. We assessed the associations between ambient PM2.5 exposure and AURI and ALRI in children under the age of 5 years from South and Southeast Asia. We identified subjects from the demographic health survey (DHS). We retrieved PM2.5 information from the Atmospheric Compositional Analysis Group. Annual mean levels of PM2.5 ranged from 21.3 to 73.2 μg/m3. We performed the meta-analytical approach to obtain the pooled results. Our initial results show an association between ambient PM2.5 exposure and AURI (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.11) but not ALRI (OR 1.03, 95% CI: 0.98-1.09). However, after controlling for indoor SHS, effect estimates became stronger for AURI and ALRI (OR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.04-1.54 and OR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.00-1.44) compared to the uncontrolled group. Our study shows an association between ambient PM2.5 exposure and the prevalence of AURI and ALRI in children under the age of 5 years from South and Southeast Asia. Promoting awareness of air pollution in line with the implementation and monitoring of relevant policies is crucial in establishing clean air and health.
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