Background and Aim: Smartphones become a part of today’s life. In spite of the convenience, it contributes to our daily lives and activities, one of the most important problems is smartphone addiction. As known, smartphone addiction is a type of technological addiction or non-substance addiction. The present study is to investigate the association between smartphone addiction and physical activity, sleeping hours among medical science students in Duhok City.Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study design carried out with 295 students in medical science colleges in the Duhok City of both gender. Self-reported data collected from December 15, 2019, to January 22, 2020. Structured questionnaire has been used to gather data related to sociodemographic, physical activity, sleeping hours, and smartphone addiction.Results: The study found most students, 78.3% have smartphone addiction, 78% of medical science students are at low physical activity range, and only 2% of students are at normal physical activity range, also revealed 20% of students were inactive. According to daily sleeping hours, more than half of them, 61.7% were in a healthy range of sleeping; however, no statistically significant association found between smartphone addiction with physical activity, sleeping hours while finding a highly statistically significant association between smartphone addiction with gender.Conclusion: The current study figure out smartphone addiction prevalence was very high among medical science college students. Smartphone addiction showed an effect in increasing sedentary health behavior like low physical activity and poor sleeping quality with no statistically significant association.
Background: In many regions of the world, the rate of cesarean sections is increasing. In the absence of clear medical indications, an increase in women's requests for cesarean sections is cited as a potential reason. The study aimed to find out the factors that contribute to choosing the mode of delivery. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was applied to 600 pregnant women who visited the Duhok Obstetrics and Gynecological Hospital in the Kurdistan region of Iraq from 1st October 2021 to 30th March 2022. A consecutive sampling method was used to select them. For data collection, a questionnaire was used that consisted of the women's socio-demographic information, obstetric data, and the factors influencing the choice of delivery mode. Descriptive data analysis was used to determine the sociodemographic and obstetrical characteristics, and the baby's, maternal, and social factors by frequency and percentage. Results: The favorite mode of delivery was vaginal delivery (94.2%), and the common factors affecting the choice of vaginal delivery were "health of the newborn" (99.6%) as a baby factor, followed by "fewer complications" (98.7%) as a maternal factor. The common factors that affected their choosing Cesarean section were "fetal distress" (57.1%) as a baby factor, maternal factors "worry about tearing of the perineum" (97.1%), and "fear of labor pain" (94.2%). Family members and friends were the main sources of information about vaginal delivery (97.5%) and cesarean section (82.8%) Conclusion: The prevalence of unnecessary cesarean sections can be decreased by increasing women's participation in childbirth education programs, and promoting and using new low-pain vaginal delivery techniques.
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