Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is profoundly associated with extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) that can involve almost every organ in our body. Although the exact etiology of IBD is still poorly understood, it is generally characterized by an overly aggressive inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa. Renal damage is one of the manifestations encountered in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and it accounts for 4%-23% of IBD patients. The common renal complications of IBD include: glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, nephrolithiasis, amyloidosis and iatrogenic complications of IBD treatment. Several hypotheses have emerged to explain the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the prevalence of IBD-induced kidney injuries. The present work aims to elucidate the pathological principles that drive secondary renal injury in individuals with IBD and highlight the currently used therapeutic strategies for evaluating, monitoring and treating kidney complications-related IBD.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been proposed to be driven by an abnormal neuroinflammatory response affecting cognitive function. However, the impact of T2DM on hippocampal function and synaptic integrity during aging has not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of aging in T2DM on ADlike pathology using the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse model of T2DM. Our results indicate that adult T2DM mice exhibited impaired spatial

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major public health issue accounting for 15-20% of all-cause deaths. Several pathologies have been associated with sudden cardiac arrest. Clinical autopsies have always contributed to invention of novel strategies for SCD prevention. One of the serious challenges that pathologists are facing is the significant decline of the overall autopsy rate. Many reasons have been associated with this change, most importantly, the evolution process in the postmortem investigation tools. However, cardiologists seem unsatisfied with the new non-invasive imaging techniques and still believe in the traditional autopsy as a gold standard in diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. In this chapter, we focused on the importance of autopsy in the prevention of SCD by shedding a light on guidelines of minimum requirement for routine autopsy investigation of SCD (including macroscopic, histological, toxicological and molecular examination). We also gave insight into the new radiological techniques, their advantages and related diagnostic pitfalls as compared to that of conventional autopsy. Thus, providing a comprehensive understanding on the advancement of postmortem examination will help improve the minimum standards of routine autopsy practice, develop new guidelines for radiological examination and prevent the growing heterogeneity of the pathologies underlying SCD.

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