Introduction: Headache attributed to refractive errors (HARE) is a common condition caused by myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatisms. Headache is not necessarily experienced by all individuals with REs. HARE is mainly caused by the strain produced in the ciliary muscles to focus objects more often during near works like reading. This study is an attempt to estimate REs with headache and symptoms relief after correction respectively. Materials and Methods: 103 cases of both sexes with mean age 19.04±7.27 years referred to the ophthalmology out patient department with complain of haedache were included in the study. Objective refraction was measured with 0.5% cyclopentolate drops and retinoscopy was done with suitable lenses. All cases were followed up for a period of one month. Results: The frequency of REs in headache patients was found to be (29) 28.15% with hypermetropia 9(31.03%), myopia 6(20.69%), mixed astigmatism 5(17.24%), compound myopic astigmatism 4(13.79%), compound hypermetropic astigmatism 3(10.34%), simple myopic astigmatism 2(6.90%). Asthenopia was found in 62% of cases diagnosed with RE. Symptoms relief was seen in 69% of cases after spectacles prescription. 16 out of 19 patients with asthenopia experienced symptoms relief after one month. Conclusion: Among the many causes of headache, HARE is a subgroup to be resolved with ophthalmological consultation. The results of this study indicates a positive association of Res in causing headache and the importance of lens correction in symptoms relief. So, all headache cases should have ophthalmological examination since maximum amount of success is possible in HARE management.
BACKGROUNDEnterococci constitute a significant proportion of the normal flora of the oropharynx, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract. The incidence of Enterococcal infections is on the rise over the past few years. Enterococci are resistant to a number of drugs including β-lactamase glycopeptides and aminoglycosides limiting the options for treatment. Aims and Objectives-The aim of the study is to speciate the enterococci isolated from clinical specimens and to determine the prevalence of High Level Gentamycin and Vancomycin resistance among the isolates.
BACKGROUNDHistopathological examination of endoscopic biopsies is the easiest way to diagnose the gastro intestinal tract (GIT) disorders. This study deals with histopathological evaluation of 60 Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) endoscopic biopsies carried out between
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