6 and tensile behavior of reinforcing bars are studied via experimental tests and 7 analytical modeling, respectively. Hemispherical indentation is mechanically 8 produced on the reinforcing steel to simulate pitting corrosion. Static tensile 9 tests are conducted for 9 non-corroded and 54 pitting corrosion-simulated bars 10 with varying levels of pit sizes using two different test setups. This investigation 11 has resulted in clear quantification of the relationship between the degree of 12 corrosion and the mechanical properties of steel reinforcement.13

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The transport infrastructure was majorly affected by the 14th November 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake. Severe vertical and horizontal peak ground accelerations generated high inertial forces, land-slides, and liquefaction. Most of the bridges in the Hurunui, Malborough and Kaikōura districts were critical nodes to the railway and road networks. In total, 904 road bridges across those districts were affected. Two reached the life safety limit state, suffering severe damage, however, most of the affected bridges experienced only minor to moderate damage. This paper describes the structural performance of the most severely damaged bridges based on observations made from site inspections. In addition to this, several performance issues have arisen from this event and are posed in this paper, hopefully to be addressed in the near future.

Chloride-induced corrosion and its effect on structural and seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures have been the topic of several research projects in past decades. This literature review summarizes the state of the art by presenting a brief description of chloride-induced corrosion, its main characteristics and influencing factors, a summary of experimental published data, and existing corrosion-induced deterioration models together with numerical and experimental methods used to evaluate corroded RC bridge pier. This literature review highlights the need for reliable deterioration models for RC structures and appropriate analysis methods are needed for design of new structures or assessment of existing civil engineering structures especially in seismic areas.

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In this paper, the effects of chloride corrosion of steel reinforcement on the axial compressive strength and the ultimate strain of concrete materials in reinforced concrete columns have been investigated experimentally. In addition, the effects of reduction in the effective mechanical properties of concrete materials on momentcurvature response of a corroded bridge pier were numerically studied. This investigation has resulted in clear quantification of the relationship between the degree of reinforcement corrosion and the effective compression strength and ultimate strain of unconfined concrete. The results clearly show that corrosion of steel reinforcement resulted in a deterioration of the effective axial compression strength and ultimate strain of column's concrete cover.cracked concrete, reduction factor, reinforcement corrosion, residual capacity | INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, growing attention has been given to the effects of corrosion on the structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Corrosion of reinforcing steel embedded in concrete is an electrochemical process commenced when aggressive ions such as chloride penetrate the concrete cover and reach the steel reinforcement. Once the corrosion process commences corrosion by-products such as rust are formed. Caré et al. 1 showed that the average volume of rust is more than two times greater than that of the steel resulting in the development of tensile stresses in concrete, which ultimately lead to cracking and spalling of the cover concrete. Cracking of the concrete due to corrosion causes a reduction in ductility capacity of RC columns. 2 Akiyama et al. 3 presented an analytical model to predict curvature at the onset of buckling of longitudinal reinforcement of corroded RC column considering cracked concrete cover due to corrosion. Tapan and Aboutaha 4 found that "cover to longitudinal bar diameter ratio has a critical effect on load carry capacity of deteriorated RC columns." They also found reinforcement corrosion and loss of concrete cover critically decrease load carry capacity of RC columns. Past studies showed cracking in the concrete cover plays important role in inelastic buckling behavior of longitudinal steel reinforcement of RC columns. [5][6][7] presented a relationship between external cracks width and bar section loss due to reinforcement corrosion.To model the effects of corrosion on the compression strength and the ultimate strain of the deteriorated concrete materials due to corrosion, some analytical methods were followed by researchers. The two analytical methods were presented as follows:Coronelli and Gambarova 9 used a model proposed by Vecchio and Collins 10 and improved by Capé 11 to predict reduction in the compressive strength of cover concrete due to reinforcement corrosion.In accordance with the modified model, the following equation was used to estimate the effect of cracks on the compressive strength of concrete 9

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