The charge character of Andreev bound states (ABSs) in a three-terminal semiconductorsuperconductor hybrid nanowire was measured using local and nonlocal tunneling spectroscopy. The device is fabricated using an epitaxial InAs/Al two-dimensional heterostructure with several gate-defined side probes. ABSs are found to oscillate around zero as a function of gate voltage, with modifications of their charge consistent with theoretical expectations for the total Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) charge of ABSs.
We use the benefits and components of classical computers every day. However, there are many types of problems which, as they grow in size, their computational complexity grows larger than classical computers will ever be able to solve. Quantum computing (QC) is a computation model that uses quantum physical properties to solve such problems. QC is at the early stage of large-scale adoption in various industry domains to take advantage of the algorithmic speed-ups it has to offer. It can be applied in a variety of areas, such as computer science, mathematics, chemical and biochemical engineering, and the financial industry. The main goal of this paper is to give an overview to chemical and biochemical researchers and engineers who may not be familiar with quantum computation. Thus, the paper begins by explaining the fundamental concepts of QC. The second contribution this publication tries to tackle is the fact that the chemical engineering literature still lacks a comprehensive review of the recent advances of QC. Therefore, this article reviews and summarizes the state of the art to gain insight into how quantum computation can benefit and optimize chemical engineering issues.A bibliography analysis covers the comprehensive literature in QC and analyzes quantum computing research in chemical engineering on various publication topics, using Clarivate analytics covering the years 1990 to 2020. After the bibliographic analysis, relevant applications of QC in chemical and biochemical engineering are highlighted and a conclusion offers an outlook of future directions within the field.
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