Background: Advanced prostate cancer etiology is poorly understood. Few studies have examined associations of anthropometric factors (e.g. early adulthood obesity) with advanced prostate cancer risk. Patients and methods: We carried out pooled analyses to examine associations between body fatness, height, and prostate cancer risk. Among 830 772 men, 51 734 incident prostate cancer cases were identified, including 4762 advanced (T4/N1/M1 or prostate cancer deaths) cases, 2915 advanced restricted (same as advanced, but excluding localized cancers that resulted in death) cases, 9489 high-grade cases, and 3027 prostate cancer deaths. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate study-specific hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI); results were pooled using random effects models. Results: No statistically significant associations were observed for body mass index (BMI) in early adulthood for advanced, advanced restricted, and high-grade prostate cancer, and prostate cancer mortality. Positive associations were shown for BMI at baseline with advanced prostate cancer (HR ¼ 1.30, 95% CI ¼ 0.95e1.78) and prostate cancer mortality (HR ¼ 1.52, 95% CI ¼ 1.12e2.07) comparing BMI !35.0 kg/m 2 with 21e22.9 kg/m 2 . When considering early adulthood and baseline BMI together, a 27% higher prostate cancer mortality risk (95% CI ¼ 9% to 49%) was observed for men with BMI <25.0 kg/m 2 in early adulthood and BMI !30.0 kg/m 2 at baseline compared with BMI <25.0 kg/m 2 in early adulthood and BMI <30.0 kg/m 2 at baseline. Baseline waist circumference, comparing !110 cm with <90 cm, and waist-to-hip ratio, comparing !1.00 with <0.90, were associated with significant 14%e16% increases in high-grade prostate cancer risk and suggestive or significant 20%e39% increases in prostate cancer mortality risk. Height was associated with suggestive or significant 33%e56% risks of advanced or advanced restricted prostate cancer and prostate cancer mortality, comparing !1.90 m with <1.65 m. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that height and total and central adiposity in mid-to-later adulthood, but not early adulthood adiposity, are associated with risk of advanced forms of prostate cancer. Thus, maintenance of healthy weight may help prevent advanced prostate cancer.

The available evidence suggests a likely prevalence high enough to make it worthwhile screening hospital inpatients for depression and initiating treatment where appropriate. Further, higher quality, research is needed to clarify the prevalence of depression in specific settings and to further explore the reasons for the observed heterogeneity in estimates.

NIHR CLAHRC Oxford, Cancer Research UK, and the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government.