The intended audience for this document are practitioners that want to learn how to create comprehensible and consistent techno-economic assessments and life cycle assessments in the CCU field. These practitioners may come from academia, industry or government and may work in technology assessment and technology research and development, or funding, they may be part of the CCU community, the TEA community or the LCA community. Readers of TEA and LCA, such as investors, policy Part A: General Assessment Principles Part B: TEA guidelines Part C: LCA guidelines PART A: GENERAL ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES TEA & LCA Guidelines for CO2 Utilization 8makers or funding decision makers are not the intended audience for these TEA and LCA guidelines, but may use this document to understand the challenges and pitfalls for TEA and LCA. A.2.4 Limitations of this documentThese guidelines have been developed to enable consistent and comparable LCA and TEA studies for CCU. They are not intended to serve as an assessment standard or rulebook. Instead they are meant to help practitioners to conduct sound assessments efficiently, avoid common mistakes and to derive meaningful results that can be compared to other studies. This document serves as an addition to conventional existing standards (in particular for LCA) and literature and does not replace any chemical engineering, economics or project planning principles. However, since the guidelines aim to enhance the comparability and transparency of studies, the LCA guidelines are more restrictive than the general ISO-framework. In some cases, there may be need to add further tasks to the ones discussed in this guideline since they are important to a specific study. Such additions are not excluded by the present guideline. However, the guidelines provide a consistent methodological core for conducting all LCA and TEA CCU studies.This document is intended as the first step of a longer framework development process. TEA and LCA remain two separate approaches in this document as is common in current assessment practice in academic literature and industry. However, a combined approach is in strong demand to include trade-offs in decision making. The integration of TEA and LCA into one singular study is a next major development step that is subject to future work. This document provides some initial guidance to those who wish to carry out an integrated TEA & LCA study, however many facets of the integration process are still to be determined. A.2.5 The guidelinesThe guidelines for TEA are presented in part B of this document and LCA in part C. At the end of each guideline chapter there is a box listing rules that these guidelines recommend. The box contains three categories, shall, should and may:TEA & LCA Guidelines for CO2 Utilization 9TEA & LCA Guidelines for CO2 Utilization 14 A.4.2.4 GuidelinesGuideline A.1 -Technology maturity Shall 1) Technology maturity shall be defined in each assessment -first for each system element and second for the overall product system 2) The maturity of the over...

Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) is an emerging technology field that can replace fossil carbon value chains, and that has a significant potential to achieve emissions mitigation or even "negative emissions"-however in many cases with challenging technology feasibility and economic viability. Further challenges arise in the decision making for CCU technology research, development, and deployment, in particular when allocating funding or time resources. No generally accepted techno-economic assessment (TEA) standard has evolved, and assessment studies often result in "apples vs. oranges" comparisons, a lack of transparency and a lack of comparability to other studies. A detailed guideline for systematic techno-economic (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) for CCU technologies was developed; this paper shows a summarized version of the TEA guideline, which includes distinct and prioritized (shall and should) rules and which allows conducting TEA in parallel to LCA. The TEA guideline was developed in a co-operative and creative approach with roughly 50 international experts and is based on a systematic literature review as well as on existing best practices from TEA and LCA from the areas of industry, academia, and policy. To the best of our knowledge, this guideline is the first TEA framework with a focus on CCU technologies and the first that is designed to be conducted in parallel to LCA due to aligned vocabulary and assessment steps, systematically including technology maturity. Therefore, this work extends current literature, improving the design, implementation, and reporting approaches of TEA studies for CCU technologies. Overall, the application of this TEA guideline aims at improved comparability of TEA studies, leading to improved decision making and more efficient allocation of funds and time resources for the research, development, and deployment of CCU technologies.

CO2 utilisation technologies-also called carbon dioxide utilisation (CDU) and carbon capture and utilisation (CCU)-convert CO2 via physical, chemical, or biological processes into carbon-based products. CO2 utilisation technologies are viewed as a means of helping to address climate change and broadening the raw material base for commodities that can be sold to generate economic revenue. However, while technical research and development into the feasibility of CO2 utilisation options are accelerating rapidly; at present, there has been limited research into the social acceptance of the technology and CO2-derived products. This review article outlines and explores three key dimensions of social acceptance (i.e., socio-political, market, and community acceptance) pertaining to innovation within CO2 utilisation. The article highlights the importance of considering issues of social acceptance as an aspect of the research, development, demonstration, and deployment process for CO2 utilisation and explores how key stakeholders operating on each dimension might affect the innovation pathways, investment, and siting decisions relating to CO2 utilisation facilities and CO2-derived products. Beyond providing a state-of-the-art review of current research into the social acceptance of CO2 utilisation, this article also outlines an agenda for future research in the field.

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The emissions reduction potential of three carbon dioxide handling strategies for postcombustion capture is considered. These are carbon capture and sequestration/storage (CCS), enhanced hydrocarbon recovery (EHR), and carbon dioxide utilization (CDU) to produce synthetic oil. This is performed using common and comparable boundary conditions including net CO 2 sequestered based on equivalent boundary conditions. This is achieved using a "cradle to grave approach" where the final destination and fate of any product is considered. The input boundary is pure CO 2 that has been produced using a post-combustion capture process as this is common between all processes. The output boundary is the emissions resulting from any product produced with the assumption that the majority of the oil will go to combustion processes. We also consider the "cradle to gate" approach where the ultimate fate of the oil is not considered as this is a boundary condition often applied to EHR processes. Results show that while CCS can make an impact on CO 2 emissions, CDU will have a comparable effect whilst generating income while EHR will ultimately increase net emissions. The global capacity for CDU is also compared against CCS using data based on current and planned CCS projects. Analysis shows that current CDU represent a greater volume of capture than CCS processes and that this gap is likely to remain well beyond 2020 which is the limit of the CCS projects in the database.

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The use of carbon dioxide as a feedstock for a broad range of products can help mitigate the effects of climate change through long‐term removal of carbon or as part of a circular carbon economy. Research on capture and conversion technologies has intensified in recent years, and the interest in deploying these technologies is growing fast. However, sound understanding of the environmental and economic impacts of these technologies is required to drive fast deployment and avoid unintended consequences. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) and techno‐economic assessments (TEAs) are useful tools to quantify environmental and economic metrics; however, these tools can be very flexible in how they are applied, with the potential to produce significantly different results depending on how the boundaries and assumptions are defined. Built on ISO standards for generic LCAs, several guidance documents have emerged recently from the Global CO2 Initiative, the National Energy Technology Laboratory, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory that further define assessment specifications for carbon capture and utilization. Overall agreement in the approaches is noted with differences largely based on the intended use cases. However, further guidance is needed for assessments of early‐stage technologies, reporting details, and reporting for policymakers and nontechnical decision‐makers.