Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) was first discovered in horses in 1989. Since then, LA-MRSA has begun to be considered an important strain of pathogenic bacteria in horses, which can cause LA-MRSA infection and colonization in humans with public health impacts. The anterior nares are the primary site of LA-MRSA colonization in horses, although LA-MRSA colonization may also occur in the gastrointestinal tract in horses. LA-MRSA-infected horses typically exhibit clinical infection or may not exhibit clinical infection. There are two potential risks associated with LA-MRSA colonization in horses: The possibility of disease development in horses infected with LA-MRSA and the possibility of LA-MRSA transfer to humans and other horses. The diagnosis of LA-MRSA in horses can be made by conducting in vitro sensitivity testing for oxacillin and cefoxitin, and then followed by a molecular test using polymerase chain reaction. LA-MRSA transmission in animal hospitals and on farms is most likely due to contact with horses infected or colonized by LA-MRSA. The history of prior antibiotic administration, history of prior LA-MRSA colonization, and length of equine hospitalization were described as risk factors in cases of infection and colonization of LA-MRSA in horses. Nebulized antibiotics may be a viable alternative to use in horses, but nebulized antibiotics are only used in horses that are persistently colonized with LA-MRSA. Controlling the spread of LA-MRSA in horses can be done by regularly washing horses, eradicating vectors in horse stalls such as rats, and maintaining the cleanliness of the stable and animal hospital environment. Meanwhile, cleaning hands, using gloves, and donning protective clothes are ways that humans can prevent the transmission of LA-MRSA when handling horses. This review will explain the definition of LA-MRSA in general, LA-MRSA in horses, the epidemiology of LA-MRSA in horses, the diagnosis of LA-MRSA in horses, the transmission of LA-MRSA in horses, risk factors for spreading LA-MRSA in horses, public health impact, treatment of LA-MRSA infection in horses, and control of the spread of LA-MRSA in horses.

Abstract. Khairullah AR, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Ramandininto SC, Gelolodo MA, Widodo A, Riwu KHP, Kurniawati DA, Rehman S. 2022. Profile of Multidrug Resistance and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on dairy cows and risk factors from farmer. Biodiversitas 23: 2853-2858. Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive coccus that causes mastitis and is one of the most widespread pathogenic bacteria in dairy farming. These bacteria can quickly develop into antibiotic-resistant strains due to inappropriate antibiotic administration. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that have Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) properties can be known as Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) if these bacteria are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. The high number of MDR and MRSA contamination in dairy farms as a result of excessive administration of antibiotics in the treatment of dairy cows and the spread of these bacteria cannot be separated from the sanitation management at the time of milking, it can be from milk that is milked from the udder and it can also be from the hands of farmers during the milking process. This study tests antibiotic resistance and detects Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains sourced from milk and hand swabs of farmers in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. A total of 109 dairy cow’s milk samples and 41 samples of farmers’ hand swabs were taken from each farm. Samples were cultured and purified using Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). Staphylococcus aureus resistance profile was performed by disk diffusion test using antibiotic disks such as Oxacillin, Cefoxitin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Gentamicin. Staphylococcus aureus isolates that were resistant to Oxacillin and Cefoxitin antibiotics were then tested for Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base (ORSAB) as a confirmation test for Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The results of the isolation and identification found 80 (53.33%) S. aureus isolates, then the results of the resistance test found 8 (10%) S. aureus isolates that were Multidrug-Resistant (MDR), and in the Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base (ORSAB) test there were 3 isolates of S. aureus MDR were ORSAB positive. It can be found that there are several S. aureus isolates that are Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in dairy farms. The S. aureus that is MDR and MRSA can be spread to the community and will endanger public health. Thus, prevention and control measures are needed to suppress the spread of S. aureus infection on a dairy farm in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia.

Health problems can be caused by consuming foods that have been processed in unsanitary conditions; hence, the study of the impact of contamination on food and its prevention has become critical. The disease caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in food is increasing significantly every year across the world. The main factors that are essential for the virulence of K. pneumoniae are lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharide capsules. Furthermore, K. pneumoniae is capable of forming biofilms. Capsule polysaccharides, fimbriae types 1 and 3, are crucial virulence factors contributing to biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae. The food contamination by K. pneumoniae may not directly pose a public health risk; however, the presence of K. pneumoniae refers to unhygienic practices in food handling. This article aims to demonstrate that K. pneumoniae should be considered as a potential pathogen that spreads through the food chain and that necessary precautions should be taken in the future.

Abstract. Widodo A, Lamid M, Effendi MH, Khairullah AR, Riwu KHP, Yustinasari LR, Kurniawan SC, Ansori ANM, Silaen OSM, Dameanti FNAEP. 2022. Antibiotic sensitivity profile of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cow's milk in Probolinggo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4971-4976. The presence of resistant bacteria in animal products such as milk can be a new threat because it is directly related to the human food chain. Resistant Escherichia coli has been widely studied and detected in farms in developing countries. The aim of present study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of E. coli bacteria from dairy cows taken during the milking process from several dairy farms in Probolinggo district, Indonesia. A total of 150 milk samples were obtained from farms and E. coli was isolated and identified on Eosin methylene blue (EMB) media and biochemical test, such as Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) and indole test, methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test, and citrate test (IMViC) were also performed. The antibiotic sensitivity profile was screened using the Kirby-Bauer test and results were interpreted according to the CLSI standard. The results showed that 124/150 (82.67%) E. coli bacteria exhibited highest percentage of antibiotic resistance to tetracycline (13.71%), streptomycin (9.68%), trimethoprim (8.87%), chloramphenicol (0.87%), and aztreonam (1.61%). A total of 9/124 (7.26%) E. coli isolates were detected as multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 1/9 (0.81%) E. coli isolate was suspected as extended spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL) bacteria which was resistant to aztreonam antibiotic. Thus, the threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli can come from milk which can affect public health.

Abstract. Widodo A, Lamid M, Effendi MH, Khailrullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Silaen OSM, Riwu KHP, Yustinasari LR, Afnani DA, Dameanti FNAEP, Ramandinianto SC. 2022. Antimicrobial resistance characteristics of multidrug resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from several dairy farms in Probolinggo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 215-221. Escherichia coli bacteria initially reside in the digestive tract of humans and animals but are able to adapt to new environments that are different from their initial habitat. The pathogenicity of E. coli can occur when these bacteria grow more than normal limits, produce toxins, and are resistant to certain types of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance characteristics of MDR and ESBL-producing E. coli from several dairy farms in the Probolinggo district of East Java province, Indonesia. A total of 150 samples consisting of 109 milk and 41 environmental samples from 41 dairy farms were used for isolation. TSIA and IMViC biochemical tests were used to identify E. coli bacteria. Escherichia coli resistance profile was obtained through disc diffusion test on several antibiotics, namely tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol and aztreonam. Escherichia coli that was resistant to 3 or more antibiotics was defined as MDR. The results of isolation and identification obtained 124 (82.6%) isolates characterizing E. coli bacteria. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of E. coli showed 9 (7.26%) MDR isolates and 2 (22.22%) ESBL isolates by double-disc synergy test (DDST). MDR E. coli was dominated by the pattern of antimicrobial drug resistance TE-S-W (tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim) with a total of 8 (38.10%) isolates, followed by antimicrobial drug resistance pattern TE-S-W-ATM (tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim, aztreonam) with one (4.76%) E. coli isolates. The pattern of antimicrobial drugs of ESBL E. coli showed in one (11.11%) sample of ESBL E. coli from a milk sample with the pattern of TE-S-W-ATM (tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim, aztreonam) and one (11.11%) sample ESBL E. coli (AL 30) from the environmental sample with a pattern of TE-S-W pattern (tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim). The discovery of MDR E. coli isolates and ESBL E. coli from milk and environmental samples at several dairy farms in Probolinggo district, East Java, Indonesia is a matter of concern and requires real action to reduce antibiotic resistance.