A phenomenological model for pion photoproduction is constructed incorporating the dynamics of pions, nucleons, and 6 s. The importance of nonresonant background interactions for the elastic m. N scattering and pion photoproduction is emphasized. The photoproduction amplitudes calculated in our model satisfy two-body unitarity, so that the requirement imposed by Watson s theorem is automatically fulfilled. By fitting the amplitudes to data, M1 and E2 yN -+6 transition amplitudes are estimated, eliminating background contributions. The results are 2~~2(M 1)=( -84+5) )& 10 GeV ' and E2/M 1=(3.7+0.4) %. Our M1 amplitude disentangled from the mN rescattering term is in good agreement with the quark model predictions. The sign and magnitude of our E2 amplitude are, however, incompatible with the existing quark models.

This study is registered at UMIN-CTR (No. UMIN000012239).

Previous studies have shown glutamatergic dysfunction and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Animal studies suggest that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction and GABA-ergic dysfunction interact with each other and lead to alterations in excitatory/inhibitory balance. The NMDAR and GABAergic-interneuron functions may be indexed by mismatch negativity (MMN) and auditory steady-state gamma-band response (ASSR), respectively. However, no previous studies have tested the hypothesis of an abnormal association between MMN and gamma-band ASSR in the same patients to identify the in vivo evidence of NMDAR-GABA association during the early stages of psychosis. Participants were individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia (ROSZ; N = 21), ultra-high risk (UHR; N = 27), and healthy controls (HCs; N = 24). The MMN amplitude was significantly impaired in ROSZ (p = 0.001, d = 1.20) and UHR (p = 0.003, d = 1.01) compared with HCs. The intertrial phase coherence (ITC) index of gamma-band ASSR was significantly reduced in ROSZ compared with HCs (p < 0.001, d = –1.27) and UHR (p = 0.032, d = –0.75). The event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) index of gamma-band ASSR was significantly smaller in ROSZ compared with HCs (p < 0.001, d = −1.21). The MMN amplitude was significantly correlated with the ITC in ROSZ (r = −0.69, p < 0.001). These findings provide the first in vivo evidence that an abnormal association of the electrophysiological indices of NMDAR and GABA dysfunctions may be present in recent-onset schizophrenia.

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Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film accounts for a large amount of polypropylene since it is well suited for food packaging films or industrial films, because of its high performance in terms of mechanical and optical properties. Recently machine speed has been increasing to obtain higher production rate and film thickness has become thinner to reduce the environmental load. To meet the demands, many researchers have been investigating stretchability of PP by connecting the stretching force at the yield point and crystalline structure. Many other studies have been conducted regarding the surface structure of BOPP. Although there were some cases that crater-like film surface roughness was formed on BOPP films, the formation mechanism of craters has not been clarified. In this report, new hypothesis of the crater-like film surface roughness formation mechanism is proposed by observing the transformation of crater from sheet to BOPP film and by investigating the relationship between the stress-strain curve and surface roughness change.