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Although high-dose-rate interstitial radiation therapy is a promising modality, it must be applied cautiously to patients with bulky tumors because of the high incidence of serious complications.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the membrane transport mechanisms of choline using human intestinal epithelial LS180 cells. The mRNA of choline transporter-like proteins (CTLs) was expressed significantly in LS180 cells, and the rank order was CTL1 > CTL4 > CTL3 > CTL2 > CTL5. In contrast, the mRNA expression of other choline transporters, organic cation transporter (OCT) 1, OCT2 and high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1), was considerably lower in LS180 cells. Five mm unlabelled choline, hemicolinium-3 and guanidine, but not tetraethylammonium, inhibited the cellular uptake of 100 µm choline in LS180 cells. The uptake of choline into LS180 cells was virtually Na(+)-independent. The uptake of choline was significantly decreased by acidification of the extracellular pH; however, it was not increased by alkalization of the extracellular pH. In addition, both acidification and alkalization of intracellular pH decreased the uptake of choline, indicating that the choline uptake in LS180 cells is not stimulated by the outward H(+) gradient. On the other hand, the uptake of choline was decreased by membrane depolarization along with increasing extracellular K(+) concentration. In addition, the Na(+)-independent uptake of choline was saturable, and the Km value was estimated to be 108 µm. These findings suggest that the uptake of choline into LS180 cells is membrane potential-dependent, but not outward H(+) gradient-dependent.

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Abstract:The development of imaging technologies and display enable the performance of 4K (3840 × 2160px) and 8K (7680 × 4320px) contents. To provide attractive 4K video content, it is important to design and manage services based on users' quality of experience (QoE). To establish a "comprehensive QoE evaluation technology" previous studies have considered various aspects media quality, user attributes, the purpose of use, usability, service attributes and others. However, regional differences have largely not been investigated. In this paper, we measured the impression of images in different resolutions by SD (Semantic Differential) Method and analyzed subjective data by factor analysis, followed by a comparison between Chinese and Japanese test subjects. Results demonstrate that "the feeling of details clarity" is strongly related to changes in image resolution, while "the feeling of naturalness" and "the feeling of impact" are related to the material used. The understanding of contents and the adjective pairs "Strong contrast -Weak contrast", "Clearly -Fade" belonged to 1 st factor "the feeling of details clarity" were found to be dependent on the viewer's region.