The hair dyeing using green tea extracts containing high amount of catechins in combination with chemical oxidants such as O 2 , H 2 O 2 and NaIO 4 was attempted in order to establish a novel hair dyeing technique without using aromatic amines contained in commercial oxidation dye products. The new hair dyeing technique consists of a twostep colouration system. The first step is treatment of hair with tea extract solution and the second one is oxidation treatment. Three kinds of oxidation methods such as (1) treating hair with basic dyeing solution (pH = 11.5) supplied with large amount of O 2 gas (O 2 method), (2) treating hair with H 2 O 2 solution (pH = 9.5) (H 2 O 2 method), (3) treating hair with NaIO 4 solution (pH = 7) (NaIO 4 method) were attempted as the second oxidation treatment. The results show that once dyed hair is discoloured by H 2 O 2 in the oxidation process and white hair is hardly coloured by the method. In contrast, white hair is dyed brown by the O 2 or NaIO 4 method, and the dyeability increases with increasing temperature of the first tea extract treatment. This may be due to the increase in the amount of dye precursors adsorbed onto hair by heating. Colour fastness of the hair samples dyed by the O 2 and NaIO 4 method to washing is almost same level as that by the commercial oxidation dyes. The NaIO 4 method is more useful than the O 2 method because the supply of O 2 gas is unnecessary for the NaIO 4 one and it uses the neutral solution.
We found a variant in the carnation genome, the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene (DcACS1) that had only DcACS1b, suggesting it is a homozygote of the gene in the carnation cultivars 'Skyline' and 'Scarlett Plus'. The 'Mini-tiara' carnation is obtained by an interspecific cross between carnation and wild pink, one of which, Dianthus knappii. D. knappii, had three ACS1 genes orthologous to DcACS1b; i.e., DkACS1b.1, DkACS1b.2, and DkACS1b.3. The composition of ACS1 homologs was analyzed in sub-cultivars of the 'Mini-tiara' carnation by PCR amplification of intron 1, intron 2, and 3'-UTR. Each sub-cultivar of the 'Mini-tiara' carnation had two ACS1 genes with various combinations. 'Mini-tiara 0707' had only DcACS1a, suggesting it is a DcACS1a/DcACS1a homozygote. 'Mini-tiara Topaz' had DcACS1a and DcACS1b, 'Mini-tiara Ruby' had DcACS1a and DkACS1b, and 'Mini-tiara Lilac' had DcACS1b and DkACS1b.2. These findings suggest that the 'Mini-tiara' carnation has two genes from a virtual group of at least five ACS1 gene homologs of carnation and D. knappii. The discovery of a DcACS1b homozygotic carnation and inheritance of ACS1 homologous genes in the 'Mini-tiara' carnation from carnation and D. knappii suggests the allelic nature of carnation DcACS1a and DcACS1b genes.
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