A structured interview was used to examine the 1-year incidence and prevalence of depression among 116 first-year university students. Moreover, 23 of the subjects (19.8%) had onset of the DSM-IV criteria for MDE, 54 (46.6%) had onset of the DSM-III-R criteria for MDE, 24 (20.7%) had onset of the RDC for MDD, during the same time period. These high rates of depression may be explained by the students' difficulties in and by their readjustment after entering university.

response of femoral vein to chronic elevation of blood pressure in rabbits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 284: H511-H518, 2003. First published September 26, 2002 10.1152/ajpheart.00620.2002-Venous diseases like iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis and valvular dysfunction induce venous hypertension. To know the effects of the hypertension on venous mechanics, blood pressure in the left femoral vein in the rabbit was chronically elevated by the constriction of the left external iliac vein. Wall dimensions and biomechanical properties of the femoral vein were studied in vitro at 1, 2, or 4 wk after surgery. Blood pressure measured immediately before the animal was killed was significantly higher in the left femoral vein than in the sham-operated, contralateral vein. Wall thickness was increased by blood pressure elevation even at 1 wk, which restored circumferential wall stress to a control level. The stress was kept at normal up to 4 wk. Vascular tone and vascular contractility were increased by the elevation of blood pressure; however, wall elasticity and compliance were kept at a normal level. These results are very similar to those observed in hypertensive arteries, indicating that not only arteries but veins optimally operate against blood pressure elevation.hypertrophy; remodeling; wall stress MANY EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES and clinical observations have shown that arteries change their dimensions and properties in response to the chronic elevation of blood pressure (10,14,16,17,19,41). One of the specific biomechanical phenomena appearing in response to arterial hypertension is wall thickening, which restores wall hoop stress to a normal, control level. In addition, vascular tone is increased, although arterial elasticity at in vivo working pressure changes to an optimal level. For example, Matsumoto and Hayashi (26,27) demonstrated in the rat with induced Goldblatt hypertension that the aortic hoop stress at in vivo systolic pressure, which should have been high soon after the induction of hypertension, was rapidly (within 2 wk) restored to a physiologically normal level because of wall hypertrophy and remained at the normal level thereafter. On one hand, the elastic modulus of the wall, which was also high soon after the induction of hypertension, became normal after a relatively long period of time, i.e., at 16 wk. In addition, Fridez et al. (8,9) have shown that normal vascular tone related to the smooth muscle cell, which is the sensing and effecting element of the adaptation process, was increased during the early phase of arterial adaptation to hypertension.As far as we know only Monos et al. (30,32) directly studied the biomechanical effects of the chronic elevation of blood pressure in the vein, and much less is known about the remodeling of the venous wall compared with arteries. They chronically increased blood pressure in the vein of the lower extremity by exposing rats to head-up tilt for 2 wk, and they studied the pressure-diameter relations and wall thickness of the saphenous vein excised from t...

Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) meningitis sometimes occurs in patients with risk factors, which are associated with central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, surgical or anaesthetic access to CNS. We observed two cases of B. cereus meningitis in neonates without such risk factors. The clinical courses of both neonates were fulminant, and routine antibiotic therapy failed. Intracranial haemorrhage was evident at autopsy. According to the previous neonatal case reports and our experience, we found that six of seven neonates were premature babies admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, five died within a week of onset of the disease, and six had intracranial haemorrhage. We speculate that B. cereus meningitis may occur in neonates, even without any of the risk factors previously described in adult case reports, and that the clinical manifestations of the meningitis might be characterized by the high incidence of intracranial haemorrhage and poor mortality.

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BackgroundEribulin mesylate is currently indicated as a sequential monotherapy to be administered after two chemotherapeutic regimens, including anthracycline and taxane treatments, for treatment of metastatic breast cancer. This open-label, multicenter phase II study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of eribulin as a first- or second-line treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer.MethodsThe primary objective was to determine the overall response rate. Secondary objectives were to evaluate progression-free survival and the safety profile. Patients were scheduled to receive eribulin mesylate 1.4 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. Patients received the study treatment unless disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or a request to discontinue from the patient and/or investigator eventuated.ResultsBetween December 2012 and September 2015, 32 patients with metastatic breast cancer were enrolled at 10 participating clinical institutions in Japan, and toxicity and response rates were evaluated. The overall response rate was 43.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 26.5–61.0). The clinical benefit and tumor control rates were 56.3% (95% CI 39.0–73.5) and 78.1% (95% CI 63.8–92.5), respectively. Median progression-free survival was 8.3 months (95% CI 7.1–9.4). A subgroup analysis did not identify any factors affecting the efficacy of eribulin. The most common adverse events were neutropenia (71.9%), alopecia (68.7%), and peripheral neuropathy (46.9%). As a first- or second-line therapy, eribulin showed sufficient efficacy for metastatic breast cancer compared with taxane and capecitabine treatment in previous clinical trials. The safety profile of eribulin was acceptable.ConclusionsEribulin may be another option for first-line chemotherapeutic regimens for metastatic breast cancer.Trial registrationsThis trial was retrospectively registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trial Registry (ID number: UMIN000010334).Date of trial registration: April 1st, 2013.