The ability to adapt to aversive stimuli is critical for mental health. Here, we investigate the relationship between habituation to startling stimuli and startle-related activity in medial frontal cortex as measured by EEG in both healthy control participants and patients with Parkinson disease (PD). We report three findings. First, patients with PD exhibited normal initial startle responses but reduced startle habituation relative to demographically matched controls. Second, control participants had midfrontal EEG theta activity in response to startling stimuli, and this activity was attenuated in patients with PD. Finally, startle-related midfrontal theta activity was correlated with the rate of startle habituation. These data indicate that impaired startle habituation in PD is a result of attenuated midfrontal cognitive control signals. Our findings could provide insight into the frontal regulation of startle habituation.

Acute psychological stress affects each of us in our daily lives and is increasingly a topic of discussion for its role in mental illness, aging, cognition, and overall health. Better understanding of how such stress affects the body and mind could contribute to the development of more effective clinical interventions and prevention practices. Over the past three decades, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) has been widely used to induce acute stress in a laboratory setting based on the principles of social evaluative threat - namely, a judged speech-making task. A comparable alternative task may expand options for examining acute stress in a controlled laboratory setting. Here, we used a within-subjects design to examine healthy adult participants’ (n=20 men, n=20 women) subjective stress and salivary cortisol responses to the standard TSST (involving public speaking and math) and the newly created Iowa Singing Social Stress Test (I-SSST). The I-SSST is similar to the TSST, but with a new twist: public singing. Results indicate that men and women reported similarly high levels of subjective stress in response to both tasks. However, men and women demonstrated different cortisol responses: men showed a robust response to both tasks, and women displayed a smaller response. These findings are consistent with previous literature, and further underscore the importance of examining possible sex differences throughout various phases of research, including design, analysis, and interpretation of results. Furthermore, this nascent examination of the I-SSST suggests a possible alternative for inducing stress in the laboratory.

Van IJzendoorn and Zwart-Woudstra (1995) and Shaver and Mikulincer (2012) have proposed that adult attachment patterns are related to moral decision-making. We explore the relationship between attachment to God (ATG) and the 5 moral foundations proposed by Haidt and Graham (2007)—care/harm, fairness/reciprocity, ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity. Data from 306 adult subjects, who completed measures of adult attachment, ATG, and the 5 moral foundations, were collected online. Results revealed that attachment to God accounted for significant levels of variability in all 5 foundations above and beyond the variability accounted for by adult romantic and best friend attachment. ATG avoidance was negatively related to the care, fairness, authority, and purity foundations, while ATG anxiety was positively related to the in-group loyalty and authority foundations. Our results suggest that those with insecure attachment patterns—in this case regarding God as an attachment figure—have different moral foundation profiles.