DPANN archaea have reduced metabolic capacities and are diverse and abundant in deep aquifer ecosystems, yet little is known about their interactions with other microorganisms that reside there. Here, we provide evidence for an archaeal host-symbiont association from a deep aquifer system at the Colorado Plateau (Utah, USA). The symbiont, Candidatus Huberiarchaeum crystalense, and its host, Ca. Altiarchaeum hamiconexum, show a highly significant co-occurrence pattern over 65 metagenome samples collected over six years. The physical association of the two organisms was confirmed with genome-informed fluorescence in situ hybridization depicting small cocci of Ca. H. crystalense attached to Ca. A. hamiconexum cells. Based on genomic information, Ca. H. crystalense potentially scavenges vitamins, sugars, nucleotides, and reduced redoxequivalents from its host and thus has a similar metabolism as Nanoarchaeum equitans. These results provide insight into host-symbiont interactions among members of two uncultivated archaeal phyla that thrive in a deep subsurface aquifer.Recently, subsurface fluids discharged by a cold, CO 2 -driven geyser at the Colorado Plateau, Utah (Crystal Geyser) revealed the presence of multiple novel archaeal organisms, including the first representative of the Candidatus phylum Huberarchaeota [8], which we show to be part of the
DPANN archaea have reduced metabolic capacities and are diverse and abundant in deep aquifer ecosystems, yet little is known about their interactions with other microorganisms that reside there. Here, we provide evidence for an archaeal host-symbiont association from a deep aquifer system at the Colorado Plateau (Utah, USA). The symbiont, Candidatus Huberiarchaeum crystalense, and its host, Ca. Altiarchaeum hamiconexum, show a highly significant co-occurrence pattern over 65 metagenome samples collected over six years. The physical association of the two organisms was confirmed with genome-informed fluorescence in situ hybridization depicting small cocci of Ca. H. crystalense attached to Ca. A. hamiconexum cells. Based on genomic information, Ca. H. crystalense has a similar metabolism as Nanoarchaeum equitans and potentially scavenges vitamins, sugars, nucleotides, and reduced redox-equivalents from its host. These results provide insight into host-symbiont interactions among members of two uncultivated archaeal phyla that thrive in a deep subsurface aquifer.The DPANN (Diapherotrites, Parvarchaeota, Aigarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, Nanohaloarchaeota) [1] radiation is a proposed monophyletic group of diverse archaeal phyla whose organisms exhibit mainly reduced genomes with limited metabolic capacities [2]. While most of these archaea were suggested to live in symbiosis with other microorganisms, respective hosts were only described for Nanoarchaeota [3,4] and Micrarchaeota (ARMAN) symbionts [5][6][7]. However, no DPANN-host interaction has been described for representatives in aquifer systems, where these archaea are particularly abundant and very diverse [2].Recently, subsurface fluids discharged by a cold, CO2-driven geyser at the Colorado Plateau, Utah (Crystal Geyser) revealed the presence of multiple novel archaeal organisms,
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