Corporate image, European Emission Trading System and Environmental Regulations, encourage pulp industry to reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. Kraft pulp mills produce CO 2 mainly in combustion processes. The largest sources are the recovery boiler, the biomass boiler, and the lime kiln. Due to utilizing mostly biomass-based fuels, the CO 2 is largely biogenic. Capture and storage of CO 2 (CCS) could offer pulp and paper industry the possibility to act as site for negative CO 2 emissions. In addition, captured biogenic CO 2 can be used as a raw material for bioproducts. Possibilities for CO 2 utilization include tall oil manufacturing, lignin extraction, and production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), depending on local conditions and mill-specific details. In this study, total biomass-based CO 2 capture and storage potential (BECCS) and potential to implement capture and utilization of biomass-based CO 2 (BECCU) in kraft pulp mills were estimated by analyzing the impacts of the processes on the operation of two modern reference mills, a Nordic softwood kraft pulp mill with integrated paper production and a Southern eucalyptus kraft pulp mill. CO 2 capture is energy-intensive, and thus the effects on the energy balances of the mills were estimated. When papermaking is integrated in the mill operations, energy adequacy can be a limiting factor for carbon capture implementation. Global carbon capture potential was estimated based on pulp production data. Kraft pulp mills have notable CO 2 capture potential, while the on-site utilization potential using currently available technologies is lower. The future of these processes depends on technology development, desire to reuse CO 2 , and prospective changes in legislation. Keywords Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage BECCS. Bioenergy with carbon capture and utilization BECCU. Kraft pulp mill. Climate change mitigation. Negative CO 2
Biomass can be used for energy purposes by either combustion to heat and power or refi ning into solid and liquid biofuels. The majority of biomass is used for residential purposes in developing countries. Modern biomass use in industrialized countries is increasing, and more and more biomass is also traded to be used for energy purposes. The purpose of this paper is to locate the 15 largest ethanol, biodiesel, and wood pellet plants. Facilities generating heat, steam and electricity were left out. Secondly it is not generally known what share of biomass users are large plants. Also an effort is made to fi nd out how much these large-scale biomass refi ning plants use imported feedstock. For the most part, very large industrial processing facilities are found in a small number of countries. The largest ethanol mills are found almost exclusively in the United States, with one very large plant in the Netherlands. The distribution of biodiesel and wood pellet plants is more dispersed. The countries with the most large biodiesel plants include the USA, Brazil, Spain, and the Netherlands. The countries with the most very large wood pellet plants include the USA, Canada, Russia, and Germany. Torrefaction and pyrolysis technologies are still rarely used on industrial scale. Ethanol and wood pellet plants tend to be sourced from local feedstocks, while biodiesel plants are much more likely to use imported feedstocks or a mix of imports and local biomass. All of these fuels are increasingly traded through the international market. refi ning; large-scale biomass processing plants; industrial use of biomass *This represents IEA category biomass and wastes. The IEA does not provide more detailed data of biomass. Despite waste consists partly of non-organic material we assume the portion of non-organic material to be negligible. 2 748 new mills is primarily aimed for export to Europe. The share of largest 15 plants both capacity and production wise was small for all categories, roughly between 10 and 30%. The share was largest for biodiesel plants and smallest for ethanol mills.
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