The Belfast Boycott was a protest designed to dislodge loyalism in Northern Ireland, punish its adherents for perceived intolerance toward Catholics and end Irish partition. The boycott was set off by the expulsion of several thousand Catholic workers from employment in Belfast in July 1920. A total boycott of all goods coming from Belfast was implemented by the Dáil in September 1920. Boycotting provided Irish nationalists with an alternative to violent retaliation that allowed for the participation of a wider segment of the Irish population and diaspora in the revolutionary movement. However, such mass mobilisation meant that nationalists had to entrust their plan for an independent Ireland to a segment of the population that they overwhelmingly viewed as politically and economically uninformed: Irish women. The boycott offers a new vantage point from which to view the actions of and attitudes towards women and the role of mass mobilisation during the revolution. This article explores nationalists’ conceptions of Irish identity, the intersection between consumerism and patriotism, and the role that women played as both political and economic actors throughout the Irish revolutionary period.
For nearly half a century, the crime control model has served as our criminal justice system's most predominant strategy to reduce crime. Yet, in spite of these efforts, the United States finds itself with even more criminal offenders in our state and federal prisons than it did at this model's debut in the mid-1960s. Aside from bulging prisons and significant costs to taxpayers, crime control policies have little to show in the way of effectiveness in reducing crime. In Criminal Justice at the Crossroads: Transforming Crime and Punishment, William Kelly incorporates a wide breadth of research to craft a compelling argument that crime control has largely been a failure in America. While constructing this argument and documenting the fallacies of the crime control approach, Kelly continually points out alternative roads that American crime policy can-and Kelly argues should-take to forge a new path for the future. In this way, the book serves as a measure of where we have been, what has been problematic, and where we should go with crime policy in the United States. Kelly's work spans eight chapters and starts by illustrating the history of crime control in the United States. This review begins by documenting the massive increase in the national correctional population and then connects that trend with the political and social changes within the United States political landscape. Kelly traces the political development of the crime control approach by starting with Goldwater's campaign in 1964, which placed crime and punishment front and center in the political arena to the current policies embraced by the Obama administration. While Kelly states that the tough on crime movement may have started with the intent to bring about significant reductions in crime, the data indicate it has fallen well short of this goal. Federal involvement, no matter how well intended, did little to reduce crime on a national scale and has brought about significant unintended consequences related to crime control policy. Chapter 2 reviews the mechanisms that underpin crime control: deterrence and incapacitation. Kelly utilizes the scientific evidence to describe how both general and specific deterrence, as practiced in crime control policies, fail to address the underlying crime problem and how the incapacitation method implemented by mandatory minimums functions to increase correctional populations. Chapter 3 is constructed to be a direct alternative to the crime control pathway. Kelly argues that crime reduction must involve methods targeting behavioral change if it is to be effective. He argues that decreases in crime will result when policy embraces scientifically supported practices targeted at behavior change. In order to bridge the gap between what we know and how we use it, we must turn to the principles of effective correctional intervention and evidence-based practices. This is a process that must start by assessing the risk and needs of the individual. Effective assessment also requires getting judges, prosecutors, and correct...
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