Mutations in PINK1, which impair its catalytic kinase activity, are causal for autosomal recessive early‐onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Various studies have indicated that the activation of PINK1 could be a useful strategy in treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. Herein, it is shown that the anthelmintic drug niclosamide and its analogues are capable of activating PINK1 in cells through the reversible impairment of the mitochondrial membrane potential. With these compounds, for the first time, it is demonstrated that the PINK1 pathway is active and detectable in primary neurons. These findings suggest that niclosamide and its analogues are robust compounds for the study of the PINK1 pathway and may hold promise as a therapeutic strategy in PD and related disorders.
Loss of function mutations in the PINK1 kinase are causal for autosomal recessive Parkinson disease (PD) whilst gain of function mutations in the LRRK2 kinase cause autosomal dominant PD. PINK1 indirectly regulates the phosphorylation of a subset of Rab GTPases at a conserved Serine111 (Ser111) residue within the SF3 motif. Using genetic code expansion technologies we have produced stoichiometric Ser111-phosphorylated Rab8A revealing impaired interactions with its cognate guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and GTPase activating protein (GAP). In a screen for Rab8A kinases we identify TAK1 and MST3 kinases that can efficiently phosphorylate the Switch II residue Threonine72 (Thr72) in a similar manner as LRRK2. Strikingly we demonstrate that Ser111 phosphorylation negatively regulates the ability of LRRK2 but not MST3 or TAK1 to phosphorylate Thr72 in vitro and demonstrate an interplay of PINK1-and LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Rab8A in cells. Finally, we present the crystal structure of Ser111-phosphorylated Rab8A and NMR structure of Ser111phosphorylated Rab1B that does not demonstrate any major changes suggesting that the phosphorylated SF3 motif may disrupt effector-Switch II interactions. Overall, we demonstrate antagonistic regulation between PINK1-dependent Ser111 phosphorylation and LRRK2-mediated Thr72 phosphorylation of Rab8A suggesting that small molecule activators of PINK1 may have therapeutic potential in patients harbouring LRRK2 mutations. Materials and MethodsReagents [γ-32 P] ATP was from PerkinElmer, MLi-2 was obtained from Merck [30]. LRRK2 (G2019S) Recombinant Human Protein (residues 970-2527 #10499963) was purchased from Invitrogen and all additional kinases used in the in vitro screen were from MRC PPU Reagents and Services -including TAK1 (1-303), TAB1 (437-504) fusion DU753 and MST3 (1-431) DU number: 30889 N-terminal GST. All mutagenesis was carried out using the QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis method (Stratagene) with KOD polymerase (Novagen). All DNA constructs were verified by DNA sequencing, which was performed by The Sequencing Service, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, using DYEnamic ET terminator chemistry (Amersham Biosciences) on Applied Biosystems automated DNA sequencers. DNA for bacterial protein expression was transformed into E. coli BL21 DE3 RIL (codon plus) cells (Stratagene). All cDNA plasmids, antibodies and recombinant proteins generated for this study are available to request through our reagents website https://mrcppureagents.dundee.ac.uk/ or from the Itzen laboratory. Expression of non-phosphorylated (WT) Rab proteinsWT-Rab1B(3-174) was expressed in fusion with a N-terminal His6-MBP tag (pMAL) or a C-terminal His6 tag (pNHD), while WT-Rab8A(6-176) was fused to a N-terminal His6 tag or a C-terminal His6 tag (pET19). The N-terminal Rab1B and Rab8A fusion constructs contained a TEV cleavage site to remove the His6-MBP tag or His6 tag from the N-terminus of the Rab proteins. The C-terminal His6 tags remained on the Rab proteins. All WT-Rab pro...
Loss of function mutations in the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) kinase are causal for autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD) whilst gain of function mutations in the LRRK2 kinase cause autosomal dominant PD. PINK1 indirectly regulates the phosphorylation of a subset of Rab GTPases at a conserved Serine111 (Ser111) residue within the SF3 motif. Using genetic code expansion technologies, we have produced stoichiometric Ser111-phosphorylated Rab8A revealing impaired interactions with its cognate guanine nucleotide exchange factor and GTPase activating protein. In a screen for Rab8A kinases we identify TAK1 and MST3 kinases that can efficiently phosphorylate the Switch II residue Threonine72 (Thr72) in a similar manner as LRRK2 in vitro. Strikingly, we demonstrate that Ser111 phosphorylation negatively regulates the ability of LRRK2 but not MST3 or TAK1 to phosphorylate Thr72 of recombinant nucleotide-bound Rab8A in vitro and demonstrate an interplay of PINK1- and LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Rab8A in transfected HEK293 cells. Finally, we present the crystal structure of Ser111-phosphorylated Rab8A and nuclear magnetic resonance structure of Ser111-phosphorylated Rab1B. The structures reveal that the phosphorylated SF3 motif does not induce any major changes, but may interfere with effector-Switch II interactions through intramolecular H-bond formation and/or charge effects with Arg79. Overall, we demonstrate antagonistic regulation between PINK1-dependent Ser111 phosphorylation and LRRK2-mediated Thr72 phosphorylation of Rab8A indicating a potential cross-talk between PINK1-regulated mitochondrial homeostasis and LRRK2 signalling that requires further investigation in vivo.
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