This paper sets out a critical perspective that cohesively explains why hate happens in late modernity and its impact on the lived experience of victims. The paper challenges existing theoretical accounts of hate by presenting a psycho-social approach to subjectivity that acknowledges the impact of neoliberal capitalism on the lived experience. By doing so, the paper is able to account for the extremities of hate in society and its apparent normalcy. In conclusion, the paper argues that an interrogation of the extent of the harms of hate should be framed within a positive discourse wherein the human need to flourish, rather than survive, is recognised.
Trans* identities have a history of being constructed, regulated and erased. Often a trans* individual’s social status is judged by others on the basis of their perception of that individual’s achievement of normative standards of gender. We are living through a time characterized by the prioritization of visual identity alongside intense scrutiny of trans* identities in relation to their authenticity and right to recognition. Research should support a reorientation of scrutiny towards these issues and acknowledge their relevance to lived experiences of the hegemonic discourse related to conceptualizations of gender as binary that engulf trans* individuals' lives. This paper is informed by empirical research undertaken at the University of Plymouth and in particular reflections on trans* individuals’ lived experiences of social harms. It contributes to victimology by presenting a discussion of cultural (re)presentations of the self and processes of othering in relation to trans* individuals. The adoption of participatory visual-narrative methods as a route through which to challenge these harmful discourses is proposed. Such methods can refocus our gaze away from trans* individuals as problematizing the world for others, and on to the lived experiences of the structures and processes that foster stigmatization and marginalization.
This chapter examines experiences of hate within neoliberal capitalism through the lens of the critical hate studies perspective. In acknowledging the messy nature of overlapping and multiple identities integral to the formation of the self, intersectionality provides the capacity to explore lived experiences that extend beyond the assumptions bound up within narrow conceptualizations of identity and uniformity of experience within a given category. The chapter draws upon two distinct in-depth, qualitative research projects with Gypsies and Travellers, and with Trans people. Through an appreciation of the intersectional nature of individuals’ identities, this chapter illuminates how contemporary neoliberal capitalism has co-opted oversimplified ideas of one-dimensional identities to the detriment of a full appreciation of the lived realities of victimization and harm, and has therefore both obfuscated attempts at appropriate and effective responses to the issue and been the cause of further harms in and of itself.
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