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The ability to predict the consequences of fluctuating environments on species distribution and extinction often relies on determining the tolerances of species or genotypes in different constant environments (i.e. determining tolerance curves). However, very little is known about the suitability of measurements made in constant environments to predict the level of adaptation to rapidly fluctuating environments. To explore this question, we used bacterial clones adapted to constant or fluctuating temperatures and found that measurements across a range of constant temperatures did not indicate any adaptation to fluctuating temperatures. However, adaptation to fluctuating temperatures was only apparent if growth was measured during thermal fluctuation. Thus, tolerance curves based on measurements in constant environments can be misleading in predicting the ability to tolerate fast environmental fluctuations. Such complications could lead to false estimates of the genetic merits of genotypes and extinction risks of species due to climate change‐induced thermal fluctuations.

BackgroundInvasions pose a large threat to native species, but the question of why some species are more invasive, and some communities more prone to invasions than others, is far from solved. Using 10 different three-species bacterial communities, we tested experimentally if the phylogenetic relationships between an invader and a resident community and the propagule pressure affect invasion probability.ResultsWe found that greater diversity in phylogenetic distances between the members of resident community and the invader lowered invasion success, and higher propagule pressure increased invasion success whereas phylogenetic distance had no clear effect. In the later stages of invasion, phylogenetic diversity had no effect on invasion success but community identity played a stronger role.ConclusionsTaken together, our results emphasize that invasion success does not depend only on propagule pressure, but also on the properties of the community members. Our results thus indicate that invasion is a process where both invader and residing community characters act in concert.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-017-0126-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Rapid environmental fluctuations are ubiquitous in the wild, yet majority of experimental studies mostly consider effects of slow fluctuations on organism. To test the evolutionary consequences of fast fluctuations, we conducted nine independent experimental evolution experiments with bacteria. Experimental conditions were same for all species, and we allowed them to evolve either in fluctuating temperature alternating rapidly between 20°C and 40°C or at constant 30°C temperature. After experimental evolution, we tested the performance of the clones in both rapid fluctuation and in constant environments (20°C, 30°C and 40°C). Results from experiments on these nine species were combined meta‐analytically. We found that overall the clones evolved in the fluctuating environment had evolved better efficiency in tolerating fluctuations (i.e., they had higher yield in fluctuating conditions) than the clones evolved in the constant environment. However, we did not find any evidence that fluctuation‐adapted clones would have evolved better tolerance to any measured constant environments (20°C, 30°C, and 40°C). Our results back up recent empirical findings reporting that it is hard to predict adaptations to fast fluctuations using tolerance curves.

BackgroundIt has been suggested that climate change will lead to increased environmental fluctuations, which will undoubtedly have evolutionary consequences for all biota. For instance, fluctuations can directly increase the risk of invasions of alien species into new areas, as these species have repeatedly been proposed to benefit from disturbances. At the same time increased environmental fluctuations may also select for better invaders. However, selection by fluctuations may also influence the resistance of communities to invasions, which has rarely been tested. We tested eco-evolutionary dynamics of invasion with bacterial clones, evolved either in constant or fluctuating temperatures, and conducted experimental invasions in both conditions.ResultsWe found clear evidence that ecological fluctuations, as well as adaptation to fluctuations by both the invader and community, all affected invasions, but played different roles at different stages of invasion. Ecological fluctuations clearly promoted invasions, especially into fluctuation mal-adapted communities. The evolutionary background of the invader played a smaller role.ConclusionsOur results indicate that climate change associated disturbances can directly increase the risk of invasions by altering ecological conditions during invasions, as well as via the evolution of both the invader and communities. Our experiment provides novel information on the complex consequences of climate change on invasions in general, and also charts risk factors associated with the spread of environmentally growing opportunistic pathogens.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1348-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

23. CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under aThe copyright holder for this preprint (which was . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/186254 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Sep. 8, 2017; Abstract 25It has been suggested that climate change will lead to increased environmental 26 fluctuations, which will undoubtedly have evolutionary consequences for all biota. For 27 instance, fluctuations can directly increase the risk of invasions of alien species into 28 new areas, as these species have repeatedly been proposed to benefit from disturbances. 29At the same time increased environmental fluctuations may also select for better 30 invaders. However, selection by fluctuations may also influence the resistance of 31 communities to invasions, which has rarely been tested. We tested eco-evolutionary 32 dynamics of invasion with bacterial clones, evolved either in constant or fluctuating 33 temperatures, and conducted experimental invasions in both conditions. We found clear CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under aThe copyright holder for this preprint (which was . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/186254 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Sep. 8, 2017; Introduction 47Current climate change scenarios predict that in addition to the increase in temperature, 48fluctuations in temperature and other environmental conditions are also increasing 49 (Stocker et al. 2013) and creating selection pressures for biota. Some species benefit 50 from these changes, and invasions and range expansions have been documented for 51 many taxa (Parmesan & Yohe, 2003; Hickling et al. 2006; Bebber et al. 2013). In 60One possible evolutionary explanation for the emergence of invasive species and 61 genotypes is that they have evolved in a disturbed and fluctuating environment. It has 62 been suggested that rapid fluctuations in particular, can select for traits that could 63 promote invasion success, such as high population growth rate, plasticity and 64 persistence (Levins, 1968; Turelli & Barton, 2004; Meyers et al. 2005; Lee & 65 Gelembiuk, 2008). Climate change has been suggested to lead to increased extreme 66 events (e.g. Stocker et al. 2013), but the pre-adaptive role of fluctuating environments 67on invasions has seldom been tested (Lee & Gelembiuk, 2008; Ketola et al. 2013). The 68 literature on invasions has been centered on the evolutionary background of the invader, 69but the community's properties, such as diversity and relatedness with the invader. can 70 also influence invasion success (Davis, 2009 (Grimont & Grimont, 1978; Flyg et al. 1980; Ketola et al. 2016 a). Hence, our 113 experiment provides also an important test on the determinants of spread of pathogenic 114 bacteria and diseases facing climate change induced fluctuations. 116We hypothesized that if fluctuation in temperature is generally a driver of the evolution 121. CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license not peer-reviewed) is the...

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Hyvinvoiva eläinten hoitaja on motivoitunut työstään ja jaksaa huolehtia paitsi omasta, myös eläintenhyvinvoinnista. Aiemmat maatalousyrittäjien työhyvinvointia ja työkykyä koskevat tutkimustuloksetovat kuitenkin olleet huolestuttavia. Samaan aikaan yleisessä keskustelussa on alettu pohtia elintarviketuotannonvastuullisuutta ja eettisyyttä sekä tuotantoeläinten hyvinvointia. Maa- ja metsätalousministeriöonkin vuonna 2006 laatinut tuotantoeläinten hyvinvointistrategian.Vuonna 2009 käynnistynyt tutkimushanke Maitotilan Hyvä Vointi eli ”Maidontuottajien työhyvinvointikeinona edistää eläinten hyvinvointia ja yrittäjien jaksamisen tukeminen muutoksessa” pureutuuongelmaan, miten rakennemuutoksen keskellä löydetään keinoja maatilayrittäjien jaksamisenparantamiseksi ja tuotantoeläinten hyvinvoinnin edistämiseksi.Hankkeessa selvitetään maatilayrittäjän toimintaympäristöä, jaksamista, voimavaratekijöitä sekähoitajan ja eläinten hyvinvoinnin välisiä yhteyksiä. Keskeisiä kysymyksiä ovat myös, millaisia muutoksiarakennemuutos on tuonut tullessaan maatiloille, onko nykyinen työympäristö tarkoituksenmukainen,ja miten uusi teknologia vaikuttaa työhön ja työolosuhteisiin. Hankkeen lopuksi toteutetaankehittämisosa, jossa saatujen tulosten pohjalta etsitään keinoja nykytilanteen parantamiseksi.Käytännön toimina tutkimuksessa laaditaan maatilan toimintaympäristöselvitys ja toteutetaanlomakekysely maidontuottajille. Lisäksi tehdään laadullinen tutkimus 20:llä tuotantoaan laajentaneellamaitotilalla, jotka sijaitsevat Pohjois-Savossa ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla. Tilakäynneillä havainnoidaantyötä sekä haastatellaan ja selvitetään eläinten olosuhteita ja hyvinvointia. Kehittämisohjelmassa järjestetääntyöpajat, joissa työstetään kokeellisessa osassa saatuja tuloksia. Lisäksi järjestetään maatalousyrittäjilleyhteisiä valmennustilaisuuksia, joissa paneudutaan hankkeen keskeisiin teemoihin kutenmuutoksen hallintaan, sidosryhmäsuhteisiin ja eläinten hyvinvointiin.Hankkeen toteuttajina ovat MTT eli Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus, Joensuun yliopisto,Työterveyslaitos ja Novetos Oy sekä vastuutahona Helsingin yliopiston agroteknologian laitos.Hanketta rahoittavat Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö (Makera), Maatalousyrittäjien eläkelaitos Mela jaMTT. Hanke jatkuu vuoden 2011 loppuun saakka.