Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of unimodal and multimodal cueing techniques for indicating the location of threats on target acquisition, the recall of information from concurrent communications, and perceived workload. One visual, two auditory (i.e., nonspatial speech and spatial tones [3-D]), and one tactile cue were assessed in Experiment 1. Experiment 2 examined the effects of combinations of the cues assessed in the first investigation: visual + nonspatial speech, visual + spatial tones, visual + tactile, and nonspatial speech + tactile. A unimodal, "visual only" condition was included as a baseline to determine the extent to which a supplementary cue might influence changes in performance and workload. The results of the studies indicated that time to first shot and the percentage of hits can be improved and workload reduced by providing cues about target location. The multimodal cues did not yield significant improvements in performance or workload beyond that achieved by the unimodal visual cue.Future combat vehicle systems will be lighter in weight and the size of their crews will be potentially reduced from three to two. Communication and target acquisition tasks that are currently shared by two crew members could become the responsibility of one: the commander-gunner. Task and workload analyses have shown that the commander-gunner will often become overloaded when he attends to auditory or digital communications while scanning for threats and engaging targets (Mitchell et al., 2004).
Obtained results may guide soldier performance modeling and requirements for communication systems used during physical activity when a soldier's hearing becomes compromised during dismounted combat operations.
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.A novel mobility platform, the Omni-Directional Treadmill (ODT) Upgrade, has been developed to allow users to move through a virtual environment in a manner equivalent to doing so in the real world. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which walking on the ODT Upgrade is comparable to walking overground for selected biomechanical and physiological variables. Temporal-spatial parameters, sagittal plane joint kinematics, and metabolic cost were assessed for 10 subjects as they walked along identical circular courses overground and on the ODT Upgrade. Except for a reduction in ankle plantarflexion following toe-off on the ODT Upgrade, differences in gait mechanics between the overground and ODT Upgrade trials were relatively small. However, oxygen consumption was more than 20% greater during walking on the ODT Upgrade than overground, and must be taken into account when comparing the results of training and research conducted on the ODT Upgrade to that of the real world. Future studies are required to develop a better understanding of the potential mechanisms behind this substantial increase in metabolic cost. In conclusion, the ODT Upgrade permits users to walk through a virtual environment in a relatively natural way but with a significant increase in physiological demand. 15. SUBJECT TERMS omni-directional treadmill, gait, metabolic cost, immersive simulation, mobility interface 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 38 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Unclassified b. ABSTRACT Unclassified c. THIS PAGE Unclassified 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) 410-278-3621 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18
This laboratory study examined the effects of visual, spatial language, and 3-D audio cues about target location on target acquisition performance and the recall of information contained in concurrent radio communications. Two baseline conditions were also included in the analysis: no cues (baseline 1) and target presence cues only (baseline 2). In modes in which target location cues were provided, 100% of the targets presented were acquired compared to 94% in baseline 1 and 95% in baseline 2. On average, targets were acquired 1.4 seconds faster in the visual, spatial language, and 3-D audio modes than in the baseline conditions, with times in the visual and 3-D audio modes being 1 second faster than those in spatial language. Overall workload scores were lower in the 3-D audio mode than in all other conditions except the visual mode. Less information (23%) was recalled from auditory communications in baseline 1 than in the other four conditions where attention could be directed to communications between target presentations.
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