A Residual Maximum Likelihood (REML) procedure was used to compile Sr concentrations in 103 plant species from experiments with Sr concentrations in 66 plant species from the literature. There were 14 species in common between experiments and the literature. The REML procedure log e -transformed data and removed absolute differences in Sr concentrations arising from soil factors and exposure times to estimate mean relative Sr concentrations for 155 species. One hundred and forty-two species formed a group with a normal frequency distribution in mean relative Sr concentration. A nested hierarchical analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on the most recent molecular phylogeny of the angiosperms showed that plant species do not behave independently for Sr concentration but that there is a significant phylogenetic effect on mean relative Sr concentrations. Concentrations of Sr in non-Eudicots were significantly less than in Eudicots and there were significant effects on Sr concentrations in the dataset down the phylogenetic hierarchy to the family level. Of the orders in the dataset the Cucurbitales, Lamiales, Saxifragales and Ranunculales had particularly high Sr concentrations and the Liliales, Poales, Myrtales and Fabales particularly low Sr concentrations. Mean relative Sr concentrations in 60 plant species correlated with those reported elsewhere for Ca in the same species, and the frequency distribution and some phylogenetic effects on Sr concentration in plants were similar to those reported for Ca. This analysis of mean relative Sr concentrations in 155 plant species across the angiosperm phylogeny might be helpful for modelling 90 Sr in food chains, predicting radiological doses to flora, and selecting species for phytomonitoring and phytoremediation of 90 Sr.
High concentrations of 35Cl and the radioisotope 36Cl (produced naturally by cosmic radiation and anthropogenically by U fission and the use of neutron sources) can be problematic in soil, but are potentially amenable to phytoremediation if appropriate plants can be found. Here, results are reported that might aid the selection of plants with unusually high or low uptake of 36Cl A residual maximum likelihood analysis was used to estimate, from 13 experiments, relative 36Cl uptake by 106 species across the angiosperm phylogeny. Nested analysis of variance, coded using a recent angiosperm phylogeny, showed that there were significant inter-species differences in 36Cl uptake and that species behavior was not independent; but linked through theirphylogeny. Eudicots had significantly higher 36Cl uptake than Monocots and related clades and, in particular the Orders Caryophyllales, Apiales, and Cucurbitales had high uptake while the Poales, Lillales, Brassicales, and Fabales had low uptake. Overall, 35% of the inter-taxa variation in 36Cl was attributed to the taxonomic ranks of Order and above, a significant phylogenetic effect compared with other elements for which similar analyses have been published. The implications of these findings for selecting plants for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with 35/36Cl are discussed.
Introduction: Haemophilia & von Willebrand disease are both recognised inherited bleeding disorders. With increased access to highly efficient and safe replacement and novel therapies, management of surgical interventions in this group can be safely managed by experienced multidisciplinary teams.Aim: To review the evidence for managing surgery in the era of novel therapies. Method:We explore four cases and establish the role of the clinical nurse specialist within the surgical pathway.Results: All of these cases evidence the continued important role of both the multidisciplinary planning prior to any surgical interventions in people with bleeding disorders and the key role of the Nurse Specialist in ensuring this plan is then implemented. Key focuses of communication with all parties involved in the patient journey, performing education for the patient, family and wider healthcare team about the underlying bleeding disorder and the importance of time critical medicines being given on time is essential. Conclusion:These cases demonstrate that individuals with bleeding disorders are at risk of developing other rare conditions alongside their life long condition, in addition to comorbidities associated with ageing. Evidence for rare plus rare is likely to be minimal as demonstrated within the cases, and recognition of how to reach out to international peers in the field is important. Sharing complex case management at national & international meetings and in publication has never been so important.
Abstract.Our understanding of the evolutionary relationships (phytogenies) between flowering plants has been transformed in the last yen years. As a result, new phylogenies for flowering plants have been developed specifically for comparative biological studies. Researchers have used these new phylogenies to help explain variation in a number of plant characteristics. We have used them to help explain soil to plant transfer of heavy metal ions and have recently finished applying them to studies of soil to plant transfer of radionuclides.Using REML analyses we combined literature data and data from our own experiments to provide data bases of relative concentrations of ,37 Cs, *°Co, "s. 1 J, l. ^Sr, ,6 Cl and IM Ru in up lo 200 plant taxa. Analysis of these databases using heirarchical ANOVAs showed that radionuclide concentration in plants is significantly affected by phylogeny. There are some similarities and differences in phylogenetic patterns between the different radionuclides. In particular, for many radionuclides concentrations in monocotyledonous plants are significantly lower than for other flowering plants. Certain plant orders including the Caryophyllales and Cucurbitales have a significant tendancy to accumulate radionuclides. The implications of these findings for understanding and predicting soil to plant transfer of radionuclides in a wide range of plant taxa will be discussed.
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