Local government innovations occur within environments characterized by high service‐need complexity and risk. The question of how broader environmental conditions influence governmental willingness or ability to innovate has been a long‐standing concern within organizational, management, and policy scholarship. Although wealth and education are robust predictors of the propensity to engage in a wide range of local sustainability activities, the linkages among governmental fragmentation, social inequality, and sustainability policies are not well understood. This study focuses on the conditions both within and across city boundaries in urban regions which inhibit adoption of sustainable development innovations. We utilize a Bayesian item response theory approach to create a new scale measuring sustainability commitment by local governments in the United States. The analysis finds service‐need complexity and capacity within local governments' organizational task environments have nonlinear influences on innovation in terms of both green building and social inclusion policy tools.
This paper aims to identify the ways local food system policy tools are used and if they align with the needs of constituents. I begin by looking at policy tools and tool bundles; categorization of local food system policy tools in the literature; and how the typology used in local food system literature compares to more mainstream policy tools literature. The comparison of the tool typologies lays the foundation for analyses of individual tool use and use by category. It also provides the basis for my analysis of sustainability policy tool bundles and it’s applicability for studying local food and local food systems’ governance.
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