During the past 100 years, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a mosquito-borne virus, has caused potentially lethal disease in livestock, and has been associated with significant economic losses and trade bans. Spillover to humans occurs and can be fatal. Here, we combined data on RVF disease in humans (22 countries) and animals (37 countries) from 1931 to 2020 with seroprevalence studies from 1950 to 2020 (n = 228) from publicly available databases and publications to draw a more complete picture of the past and current RVFV epidemiology. RVFV has spread from its original locus in Kenya throughout Africa and into the Arabian Peninsula. Throughout the study period seroprevalence increased in both humans and animals, suggesting potentially increased RVFV exposure. In 24 countries, animals or humans tested positive for RVFV antibodies even though outbreaks had never been reported there, suggesting RVFV transmission may well go unnoticed. Among ruminants, sheep were the most likely to be exposed during RVF outbreaks, but not during periods of cryptic spread. We discuss critical data gaps and highlight the need for detailed study descriptions, and long-term studies using a one health approach to further convert the patchwork of data to the tale of RFV epidemiology.
Two years following the adoption of clinical indication policies for short peripheral catheters (SPCs), a large community hospital undertook 2 extensive point prevalence reviews at 1-year intervals to study the overall outcomes associated with the SPCs. The findings were used to enhance documentation as well as staff awareness. A bundled approach was taken, focusing on insertion as well as care and maintenance needs. Consistent outcomes included at least 20% of catheters remaining functional more than 7 days and 35% more than 5 days.
During the past 100 years, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a mosquito-borne virus, has caused potentially lethal disease in livestock, and has been associated with significant economic losses and trade bans. Spillover to humans occurs and can be fatal. Here, we combined data on RVF disease in humans (22 countries) and animals (37 countries) from 1931 to 2020 with seroprevalence studies from 1950 to 2020 (N=226) from publicly available databases and publications to further the understanding of RVFV epidemiology. RVFV has spread from its original focus in Kenya throughout Africa. In 2000, RVFV was first detected in the Arabian peninsula. Since then seropositive animals have been observed in additional countries in western Asia. Throughout the study period, seroprevalence increased in both humans and animals, suggesting potentially increased RVFV exposure. Among ruminants, sheep were most likely to be exposed during RVF outbreaks, but not during periods of cryptic spread. Filling data gaps, detailed study descriptions (e.g., study population details, diagnostic test characteristics), and long-term studies using a one health approach will aid to further convert the patchwork of data to the tale of RFV epidemiology and inform surveillance and intervention strategies.
Despite large outbreaks in humans seeming improbable for a number of zoonotic pathogens, several pose a concern due to their epidemiological characteristics and evolutionary potential. To enable effective responses to these pathogens in the event that they undergo future emergence, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations is advancing the development of vaccines for several pathogens prioritized by the World Health Organization. A major challenge in this pursuit is anticipating demand for a vaccine stockpile to support outbreak response. We developed a modeling framework for outbreak response for emerging zoonoses under three reactive vaccination strategies. Annual vaccine regimen requirements for a population-wide strategy ranged from >670,000 (95% prediction interval: 0-3,630,000) for Lassa virus to 1,190,000 (95% PrI: 0-8,480,000) for Rift Valley fever virus, while the regimens required for ring vaccination or targeting healthcare workers (HCWs) were several orders of magnitude lower. For each pathogen and vaccination strategy, reactive vaccination typically prevented fewer than 10% of cases, because of their presently low R0 values. Targeting HCWs had a higher per-regimen impact than population-wide vaccination. Our framework provides a flexible methodology for estimating vaccine stockpile needs and the geographic distribution of demand under a range of outbreak response scenarios.
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