Wastewater surveillance represents a complementary approach to clinical surveillance to measure the presence and prevalence of emerging infectious diseases like the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This innovative data source can improve the precision of epidemiological modeling to understand the penetrance of SARS-CoV-2 in specific vulnerable communities. Here, we tested wastewater collected at a major urban treatment facility in Massachusetts and detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the N gene at significant titers (57 to 303 copies per ml of sewage) in the period from 18 to 25 March 2020 using RT-qPCR. We validated detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Sanger sequencing the PCR product from the S gene. Viral titers observed were significantly higher than expected based on clinically confirmed cases in Massachusetts as of 25 March. Our approach is scalable and may be useful in modeling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and future outbreaks. IMPORTANCE Wastewater-based surveillance is a promising approach for proactive outbreak monitoring. SARS-CoV-2 is shed in stool early in the clinical course and infects a large asymptomatic population, making it an ideal target for wastewater-based monitoring. In this study, we develop a laboratory protocol to quantify viral titers in raw sewage via qPCR analysis and validate results with sequencing analysis. Our results suggest that the number of positive cases estimated from wastewater viral titers is orders of magnitude greater than the number of confirmed clinical cases and therefore may significantly impact efforts to understand the case fatality rate and progression of disease. These data may help inform decisions surrounding the advancement or scale-back of social distancing and quarantine efforts based on dynamic wastewater catchment-level estimations of prevalence.
XQ(2); Lee WL(2); Kauffman K (3); Hanage WP(4); Matus M (5); Ghaeli N(5); Endo N(5); Duvallet C(5); Moniz K(1); Erickson TB(6); Chai PR (6); Thompson J(7); Alm EJ (1,2,5) Abstract. Wastewater surveillance may represent a complementary approach to measure the presence and even prevalence of infectious diseases when the capacity for clinical testing is limited. Moreover, aggregate, population-wide data can help inform modeling efforts. We tested wastewater collected at a major urban treatment facility in Massachusetts and found the presence of SARS-CoV-2 at high titers in the period from March 18 -25 using RT-qPCR. We then confirmed the identity of the PCR product by direct DNA sequencing. Viral titers observed were significantly higher than expected based on clinically confirmed cases in Massachusetts as of March 25. The reason for the discrepancy is not yet clear, and until further experiments are complete, these data do not necessarily indicate that clinical estimates are incorrect. Our approach is scalable and may be useful in modeling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and future outbreaks.
Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1) is a pathogenic virus that infects Caribbean spiny lobsters P. argus in the Florida Keys. We have developed a PCR detection assay for PaV1 for the purpose of studying the natural history of the virus and for monitoring the prevalence of infection. The detection of the virus in hemolymph and other tissues is based on the PCR amplification of a 499 bp product using specific primers designed from a cloned fragment of the PaV1 genome. The sensitivity limit for the assay was 1.2 fg of purified viral DNA. The PaV1 primers did not react with lobster DNA, oyster DNA, Ostreid Herpesvirus 1, or murine cytomegalovirus. Using this assay, we successfully followed the course of infection in lobsters inoculated with PaV1 and we detected infections in wild-caught lobsters from the Florida Keys. We have also established guidelines for interpreting infection results from the PCR assay for PaV1. KEY WORDS: Assay · Lobster virus · Panulirus argus · Molecular detection Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 76: [1][2][3][4][5][6] 2007 MATERIALS AND METHODS Lobsters. Juvenile spiny lobsters Panulirus arguswere collected in the Florida Keys from shallow (1 to 2 m) sub-tidal habitats, by hand using SCUBA, and transported in seawater-filled coolers to the Keys Marine Laboratory, Long Key, Florida, USA. Lobsters were shipped overnight to the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Virginia, USA, where they were held in 78 l aquaria equipped with aerators and 2 Whisper filters containing preconditioned crushed coral. Artificial seawater (Marinemix Forty Fathoms, Marine Enterprises International) in the aquaria was monitored weekly for pH (7.1 to 7.6), salinity (33 to 35 ppt), temperature (21 to 24°C), ammonia (<1.0 ppm), and nitrite (<1.0 ppm), and 50% water changes were performed to maintain water quality within acceptable limits. Lobsters were fed squid 3 times per week, and any food remaining in aquaria after 3 h was removed. Healthy individuals have been maintained in this system for > 2 yr. Diseased and healthy animals, distinguished by the presence of discolored hemolymph and obvious signs of morbidity, were housed in separate aquaria in different rooms. The virus has been maintained for > 3 yr in the laboratory through repeated passages of infected hemolymph into healthy animals.All hemolymph samples from healthy, naturally infected, and inoculated lobsters were collected in an equal volume of citrate anticoagulant (Söderhäll & Smith 1983) and frozen at -80°C until tested. The stock anticoagulant solution also contained 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.8% protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich P8340), and 10 IU bacitracin ml -1 (Fisher Scientific). For inoculation trials, pre-inoculation hemolymph was collected from each lobster immediately prior to needle inoculation with 0.1 ml of pooled, infected hemolymph from 3 diseased lobsters mixed 1:1 in anticoagulant. In preliminary tests, the injection of our stock anticoagulant s...
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