Objectives: Ancient DNA (aDNA) and standard osteological analyses applied to 11 skeletons at a late 17th to early 18th century farmstead site in Delaware to investigate the biological and social factors of settlement and slavery in colonial America. Materials and methods: Osteological analysis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing were conducted for all individuals and the resulting data contextualized with archaeological and documentary evidence. Results: Individuals of European and African descent were spatially separated in this colonial cemetery. The skeletal remains exhibited differences in osteological features and maternal genetic ancestry. A specific mtDNA haplotype appeared in a subset of the European-descended individuals suggesting they were maternally related. Individuals of African descent were not maternally related, and instead showed a diversity of haplotypes affiliated with present-day Western, Central, and Eastern regions of Africa. Discussion: Along with the bioarchaeological and documentary evidence, the aDNA findings contribute to our understanding of life on the colonial Delaware frontier. Evidence of maternal relatedness among European-descended individuals at the site demonstrates kin-based settlements in 17th century Delaware and provides preliminary identifications of individuals. The maternal genetic diversity of the individuals with African descent aligns with the routes of the trans-Atlantic slave trade but broadens our understanding of the ancestries of persons involved in it. Burial positioning, osteological pathology, and lack of maternal kinship among individuals of African descent provide tangible evidence for the emergence of racialized labor and society in Delaware during the late 17th century.
Catoctin Furnace is an industrial site that functioned from 1776-1903 and was operated at least partially by an enslaved workforce until about 1850, when it shifted to paid European laborers. A cemetery including 35 graves from which the remains of 32 individuals identified with African ancestry were excavated in 1979-1980 during construction of a highway that impacted the site. Since then, the human remains have been under the stewardship of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History (NMNH). The goal of this report is to document the successful generation of ancient DNA from 27 individuals from the cemetery. The analysis of the Catoctin individuals is part of a long-term study dedicated to restoring knowledge of the identity, origins, and legacy of the enslaved and free African Americans who labored and were buried at Catoctin Furnace.
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