The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1␤ and IL-18 are supposed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease. To exert biological activity, the precursors of both IL-1␤ and IL-18 need to be cleaved by the interleukin-1␤-converting enzyme (ICE). IL-18 induces the synthesis of IFN-␥ in T cells and NK cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the specific ICE inhibitor pralnacasan in dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine colitis. Colitis was induced in BALB/c mice by 3.5% dextran sulfate sodium dissolved in drinking water for 10 days. Pralnacasan was administered either intraperitoneally or orally every day. To assess in vivo efficacy, a clinical disease activity score was evaluated daily. Colon length, expression of IL-18 in colonic tissue, expression of interferon-␥ (IFN-␥) in paraaortal lymphocytes, and systemic production of IFN-␥ in splenocytes were analyzed post mortem. Intraperitoneally administered pralnacasan significantly reduced the clinical score compared with the dextran sulfate sodium control group from day 6 to day 10. Oral administration of pralnacasan also significantly reduced the clinical score at days 8 and 9. Administration of pralnacasan i.p. reduced the expression of intracolonic IL-18 significantly. Furthermore, pralnacasan reduced the number of IFN-␥-positive lymphocytes in paraaortal lymph nodes. IFN-␥ synthesis in stimulated splenocytes was significantly suppressed in all pralnacasan-treated groups. No side effects of pralnacasan were observed. In conclusion, pralnacasan is effective in the prevention of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. This effect is probably mediated by suppression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-18, IL-1␤, and IFN-␥.

Mesopram, a specific inhibitor of type-4 phosphodiesterase, decreases the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-␣ (TNF-␣) and interferon-␥ (IFN-␥). In the present study, we investigated the effect of mesopram in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis. In the preventive model, colitis was induced by DSS simultaneously with the application of mesopram in BALB/c mice. In the therapeutic model, colitis was induced in BALB/c mice by DSS over 7 days. At day 8, DSS was discontinued, and treatment was started. Mesopram was applied intraperitoneally or orally. The clinical score was calculated daily during the course of each study. Post mortem, colon length, histologic score, and expression of TNF-␣ and IFN-␥ in colons were determined. In the preventive model, mesopram significantly reduced the maximal clinical score, decreased colon shortening, and the histologic score. A dose finding study, using the preventive model, showed that most clinical and post mortem benefit was achieved with 50 mg/kg mesopram compared with 2 and 10 mg/kg. In the therapeutic model, i.p. mesopram treatment led to a significant reduction of clinical score. Both, i.p. and p.o. mesopram significantly reversed DSSinduced colon shortening and reduced the ex vivo colonic production of IFN-␥. We conclude that the specific type-4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor mesopram ameliorates murine colitis both in a preventive and a therapeutic setting.

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