Prospective elementary school teachers (PTs) come to their mathematics courses fluent in using procedures for adding and subtracting multidigit whole numbers, but many are unaware of the essential features inherent in understanding the base-10 place-value system (i.e., grouping, place value, base). Understanding these features is crucial to understanding and teaching number and place value. The research aims of this paper are (1) to present a local instructional theory (LIT), designed to familiarize PTs with these features through comparison with historical number systems and (2) to present the effects of using the LIT in the PT classroom. A theory of learning (variation theory) is paired with a framework related to motivation (intellectual need) to illustrate the mutually supporting roles they may play in mathematical learning and task design. The LIT, a supporting task sequence, and the rationale for task design are shared. This theoretical contribution is then paired with evidence of PTs' changing growth in their conceptions of whole number before and after courses leveraging this task sequence.
Within undergraduate mathematics education, there are few validated instruments designed for large-scale usage. The Group Concept Inventory (GCI) was created as an instrument to evaluate student conceptions related to introductory group theory topics. The inventory was created in three phases: domain analysis, question creation, and field-testing. The domain analysis phase included using an expert protocol to arrive at the topics to be assessed, analyzing curriculum, and reviewing literature. From this analysis, items were created, evaluated, and field-tested. First, 383 students answered open-ended versions of the question set. The questions were converted to multiple-choice format from these responses and disseminated to an additional 476 students over two rounds.Through follow-up interviews intended for validation, and test analysis processes, the questions were refined to best target conceptions and strengthen validity measures. The GCI consists of seventeen questions, each targeting a different concept in introductory group theory. The results from this study are broken into three papers. The first paper reports on the methodology for creating the GCI with the goal of providing a model for building valid concept inventories. The second paper provides replication results and critiques of previous studies by leveraging three GCI questions (on cyclic groups, subgroups, and isomorphism) that have been adapted from prior studies. The final paper introduces the GCI for use by instructors and mathematics departments with emphasis on how it can be leveraged to investigate their students' understanding of group theory concepts.Through careful creation and extensive field-testing, the GCI has been shown to ii be a meaningful instrument with powerful ability to explore student understanding around group theory concepts at the large-scale.iii Dedication To my parents for teaching me to have a strong work ethic, to live life with kindness, and to pursue a career that truly fulfills you.iv Acknowledgements
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