A major challenge facing the nursing profession is to educate and assist nurses to develop the skills to provide culturally relevant care. This article describes one school's multicultural curriculum for baccalaureate nursing students and a tool to measure changes in behaviors and attitudes. The article presents the psychometric properties of the Cross-Cultural Evaluation Tool that yields a cross-cultural interaction score. Successful teaching strategies are presented that are substantiated by increased student cross-cultural interaction score scores.
isability and workers' compensation costs are increasing at a rate that exceeds health care costs in general. The largest unrecognized cause of disability is a condition referred to as non-specific musculoskeletal pain, or more recently myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Although this diagnosis is considered controversial, vague, and confusing by many practitioners, it is clinically useful in providing a framework for recognizing and treating employees with acute pain. To achieve the goal of early return to work, it is imperative that occupational health nurses become actively involved in the management of pain conditions. Professional literature recently has begun defining criteria for pain conditions with a common feature of trigger points. One trigger point pain syndrome receiving attention in the British literature, but relatively unknown in United States nursing literature, is a condition known as painful rib syndrome (PRS). The purpose of this article is to provide occupational health clinicians with the knowledge to assess, identify, and participate in treating clients with PRS. The discussion compares PRS and MPS and suggests that PRS may be a variant or type of MPS. Although accurate diagnosing and immediate interventions may not prevent acute conditions from becoming chronic, it may prevent chronic pain conditions from becoming permanent disabilities.
TOPIC. How nurses can meet the priority needs of the acute care clients during inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations that average five days PURPOSE. To assist acute care nursing staf in yeorganizing their caregiving to maximize therapeutic gains of clients in a minimum period of time SOURCE. Personal experience CONCLUSION. Success in the short-term unit depends not only on the ability of nurses to stabilize clients in crisis, but also on their ability to provide linkage with aftercare services so the therapeutic process can be continued.
M any employees are facing emotional crises related to current economic trends, which include company restructuring and downsizing, reduced benefits, and job loss. Whether one has a job or loses a job, these changes often result in increased stress and anxiety. Unfortunately, negative business trends are expected to continue into the mid 1990s. In one major metropolitan Midwest city alone more than 50% of the 86 companies served by an Employee Assistance Program (EAP) have decreased their staffs. The Holmes (1972) "Life Crisis Scale," which measures individual stress and risk for illness, ranks losing a job as causing half as much stress as the most severe event (loss of spouse through death or divorce). The loss or threat of losing a job has a profound effect on all aspects of employee function: physiological, psychological, and behavioral. Unemployment is experienced as a major loss and, to cope with and accept this loss, the employee needs to work through the steps of the grief process. Employees may develop psychosomatic stress responses and other maladaptive coping methods, such as increased smoking, drinking, and sleeplessness (Challenger, J.E. "The job hunt: Protecting your job." Kansas City Star, July 14, 1992). Occupational health nurses also may see increased absenteeism and health care claims. When employees feel powerless, it is not uncommon to see increased domestic violence or lawsuits against the company as ways to displace the
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